الفهرس 
Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the present study, the effects of ammonia solution addition to gasoline and methanol addition to ammonia solution and gasoline on performance and emission characteristics were investigated experimentally and compared with that of GF in a small SI Gasoline engine installed at the laboratory. Based on the experimental results, the main effects of the ammonia solution and methanol addition can be summarized as follows:
• Ammonia solution - gasoline blend with a percentage volume of Ammonia solution of up to 25% can be used in SI engines without any modifications
• The use of ammonia to fuel a SI gasoline engine is one of the options for reducing harmful emissions of the combustion process while also reducing fossil fuel GF consumption, which is considered one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect.
• The results show that the use of ammonia solution as an addition to gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm increases the overall thermal efficiency, and the G75WAS25 blend obtained the maximum increase in the overall efficiency by 38.96% at maximum load conditions in comparison to neat gasoline and reduces the specific fuel consumption compared with that of GF a small SI Gasoline engine.
• The presence of oxygen and high-octane number were significant features of using WAS-Methanol-gasoline blends.
• The fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption decrease with WAS-Methanol-gasoline blends compared with that of GF.
• Methanol addition to WAS and gasoline increased the overall efficiency of the engine-generator set, and the G60M30WAS10 blend obtained the maximum increase ratio of overall efficiency by 39.94% compared to a reference fuel engine for maximum loads analyzed.
• The results show that using methanol as an addition to ammonia hydroxide and gasoline fuel is important to improve engine performance. Consequently, gasoline-methanol-WAS blends reduce the pollutants emitted from the engine during different operating conditions CO and HC. For the G60M30WAS10 blend, the reductions are 8.29% for CO and 8.23% for HC at maximum load conditions compared to neat gasoline.
• The methanol addition to ammonia hydroxide and gasoline leads to increased NOx emissions, and the G60M30WAS10 blend obtained the maximum increase of NOx emissions by 98.15% compared to a reference fuel engine for maximum loads analyzed.
• This experimental study shows that ammonia and methanol can be used as alternative fuels for gasoline engines. However, more comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies on using ammonia solution and methanol in gasoline engines need to be performed.