الفهرس 
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Abstract
leads to symptoms of nasal obstruction by increasing resistance. Allergic rhinitis, Non allergic rhinitis, and rhinitis medica-mentosa cause turbinate inflammation. If the inflammation persists, mucous glands grow in size and collagen accumulates beneath the nasal mucosa basement membrane resulting in irreversible hypertrophy.
The management of patients with nasal obstruction due to long-term irreversible inferior turbinate hypertrophy, In general, will require surgical intervention. Surgery of the inferior turbinate has been reported as the 8th most common procedure performed by otolaryngologists. Anatomic variations and/or dysfunction commonly lead to the need for turbinate reduction or resection. Total resection of an inferior turbinate is the extreme and is not recommended in most cases except for tumor resection. Patients with such extensive turbinate resection are at risk for atrophic rhinitis.
Recent evidence has shown that the upper and lower airways behave as a single functional unit, with similar histologic characteristics and concurrent inflammation. Worsening of disease in one part of the airway negatively impacts other parts of the airway. Furthermore, effectively managing disease in one part of the airway seems to improve disease in other parts of the airway. This has led to the concept of the unified airway and it has revolutionized the understanding of the relationship between the upper and lower airways. The concept of unified airway has solidified the need for multidisciplinary care for these patients involving primary care
Summary
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physicians, otolaryngologist, allergists, immunologists, and pulmonologists. Historically, Otolaryngologists have less experience in recognizing and managing lower airway disease. Thus it is important for us as otolaryngologists to understand the concept of the unified airway and apply this to their practice to best manage these patients.
Spirometry Is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs), it measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry generates pneumo-tacho-graphs, which are charts that plot the volume and flow of air coming in and out of the lungs from one inhalation and one exhalation.
Although a link between the upper and lower airways has been suspected for decades, recent evidence has helped establish the concept of the unified airway. That is, ”one airway. One disease.” AR, CRS, and asthma are similar from an epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic standpoint. Managing disease of the upper airway improves asthma symptoms in patients with asthma, and may retard development of asthma in some patients. It is important that otolaryngologists recognize this association and apply it to patient care, as this may have a significant impact on morbidity and quality of life.