الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 77 |  |  |
| | | from | 77 | | |
Abstract
In the same bright fields (6000x) of R. solani, it was obtained the adsorbed hyphae with the bio. silica NPs (Fig. 9A), while some chem. silica NPs illustrate adsorbed with an irregular surface of hyphae associated with significant interaction with NPs (Fig. 9B). Fig. (9): SEM images illustrate the interaction of (9A) bio. silica NPs and (9B) chem. silica NPs with R. solani at magnified bright fields (6000X). 9A B9 47 5. The study was carried out at Itay El-Barud Agriculture Research Station Laboratory through the year 2019 to examine the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of Ridomil gold plus (50, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 μg/ml) as a chemical fungicide compared with different concentrations extract C. nodosa (50,100,300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800 and 2100 μg/ml), different concentrations bio and chem. silica nanoparticles (10, 20, 40, 60,80, 100, 120, 140,160,180 and 200 μg/ml) as well as the control against inhibition F. oxysporum and R. solani. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: 5.1. characterization of NPs The spherical form of biosynthesized silica NPs ranged from (16.67 to 27.78 nm). Chemically produced silica NPs, on the other hand, have a roughly spherical form in the (27.8 to 59.7 nm) range. 5.2. Effect of fungicide Ridomil gold plus against F. oxysporum and R. solani The effects showed that when the concentrations of Ridomil gold plus increased, both F. oxysporum and R. solani growth slowed. F. oxysporum was more sensitive to Ridomil gold plus than R. solani, with F. oxysporum growing slower at all concentrations than R. solani. 5.3. Effect of C. nodosa extract against F. oxysporum and R. solani The data revealed that the growth of both F. oxysporum and R. solani is negatively associated with C. nodosa concentrations, with both fungi’s growth decreasing as C. nodosa concentrations rise. F. 48 oxysporum was more sensitive to C. nodosa extract than R. solani, with F. oxysporum growing slower at all concentrations than R. solani. 5.4. Effect of bio. silica NPs against F. oxysporum and R. solani The results showed that when bio. silica NPs concentrations increased, both F. oxysporum and R. solani growth slowed. F. oxysporum was more susceptible to bio. silica NPs than R. solani, with F. oxysporum growing slower at all doses than R. solani. 5.5. Effect of chem. silica NPs in F. oxysporum and R. solani The data showed that when chem. silica NPs concentrations increased, both F. oxysporum and R. solani growth slowed. R. solani was more susceptible to chem. silica NPs than F. oxysporum, with R. solani growing slower at all concentrations than F. oxysporum. 5.6. Effectiveness of Ridomil gold plus, C. nodosa extract, bio. silica NPs and chem. silica NPs against F. oxysporum and R. solani The obtained data indicated that bio. silica NPs was the most effective treatment against F. oxysporum among all tested treatments where it showed the lowest value of F. oxysporum growth compared to the control treatment. the exceeded of bio. silica NPs in reducing F. oxysporum growth did not differ significantly with C. nodosa extract. In all cases all used treatments inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum as compared with control. The data showed that chem. silica NPs was the most effective therapy against R. solani of all the treatments examined, with the lowest value of R. solani growth and the greatest suppression of growth when compared to the control treatment. Bio. silica NPs outperformed all other 49 treatments when it came to suppressing R. solani growth. All of the treatments utilized in this study inhibited R. solani growth when compared to the control. 5.7. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of some treatments against F. oxysporum and R. solani 5.7.1. F. oxysporum : The control group showed extensive growth of hypha with regular morphology where the typical net structure was regular and the surface was smooth as if its image was 400X or magnified to 1000X. Treatment with fungicide, Metalaxyl-M at a concentration (1000 μg/ml led to irregular and adsorbed shape. Using the natural extract of C. nodosa at the concentration (2100 μg/ml) led to deformation and lysis of fungal hypha. Bio. silica NPs significantly induced deformation and lysis of fungal hypha with adsorbed components (at 400X). In a magnified image at 1000X, it was obtained significant deformation in the hypha. Significant destruction in the hypha was obtained with bio. silica NPs at 400X. Also, significant deformation and destructed hypha was obtained in the magnified image at 1000X. In the magnified field at 6000x for glides of F. oxysporum, it was obtained the interaction of bio. silica NPs with hypha Aggregated hypha with conduced tissues and the irregular surface containing and/or vacuolated NPs. In the case of chem. silica NPs, image illustrates significantly detruded hyphae unsoiled with tissues resulted in disruption and losses of hypha compound. 50 5.7.2. R. solani : Image of the control group at both 400X and 1000x showed regular hypha and extensive growth. The fungicide, Ridomil gold plus® at the concentration (1000 μg/ml) resulted in a slightly an irregular shapes and some adsorbed hypha then in the magnified field at 1000X, adsorbed and irregular shape were appear. Significant deformation was noted under C. nodosa treatment (2100 μg/ml), at 400X then a displayed adsorbed and deformed hypha in the magnified field at 1000X appeared. Regarding NPs treatments, bio. silica NPs led to significant lysis, deformed and adsorbed hypha morphology (at 400X), then in the magnified field (1000X) a significant destructed and adsorbed hypha were found compared to 400 X. In the same bright fields (6000 x) of R. solani, it was obtained the adsorbed hyphae with coated NPs of bio and Chem. silica NPs illustrate adsorbed with the irregular surface of hyphae associated with significant interaction with Nps.