الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study is dealing with the treatment of highly surface water turbidity that has recently emerged in Egypt. This turbidity may make it difficult for water treatment plants to manage water quality; cost and safety.132 samples were used in jar test experiments )96 samples prepared by using kaolin and 36 Natural highly turbid real flash spill water samples were collected from Sharkawiya Canal in Shobra El Khema, in north of Cairo). Non- conventional Coagulant aids asCorchorusOlitorius L (COL), T. foenumgraecum (TFG), Abelmoschusesculentus L (ASL) were used accompanying with aluminum sulfate as a primary coagulant. They could enhance the coagulation flocculation process. Flocs formed fast and collected in small volume after adding them.
1. Introduction
It contains general outlines, reasons of turbidity and how climate change and human effect on water turbidity. Rainfall could cause Watershed response which was often rapid and result in variations in the quality and quantity parameters of turbidity. High levels of turbidity associated with diseases-causing microorganisms. The Main steps for water treatment were mentionedas coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation then filtration. High mount of sludge produced after water treatment by aluminum sulfate. Harmful effect of using high aluminum sulfate doses and diseases related to it such as Alzheimer’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis’s disease. Some Types of natural coagulant aids were used for treatment process. The main aim of the present study was to reduce highly turbid water with natural coagulant aid wastes.
2. Literature Review
It contains the previous studies for topics related to the present study which including many topics such as Climate change, High Turbidity, Coagulation and Steps for preparation of Natural Coagulants and coagulant aids. it includes how climate change effects on environment and how it can cause high turbidity by mentioning the reasons oh high turbidity such as storms, flash floods, real flash spill water, hurricanes…etc. the factors could cause high turbidity such as Human activities, which disturb land, such as construction and agriculture, can lead to high level of sediments entering water bodies during rainstorms. High erosion rates and urbanized areas produce large amounts of turbidity to nearby waters, through storm water pollution from paved surfaces like roads, bridges, parking lots and airports. Coagulation process for turbid water by different types of coagulants and coagulants aids such as aluminium-based or iron-based chemical salts such as aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride PAC or by natural coagulants such as chitosan, CorchorusOlitorius L and Moringa.
3. Material and methods
It includes the preparation of highly turbid water; natural coagulant aid waste extracts preparation. The extracts for natural coagulant aids prepared with aqueous and ethanolic extractions. There were three coagulant aids extracted from fresh COL waste parts; namely are stems and tiny leaves as aqueous extraction of stem C0, aqueous extraction of tiny leaves C1 and ethanolic extraction of tiny leaves C2. AbelmoschusesculentusL(okra) coagulant aids prepared from the non-edible part of the fruit didn’t use for food staff) as aqueous extraction A1 and ethanolic extraction A2. The coagulant aids prepared from the fenugreek seed after brewing in hot water, the residue of TFG didn’t use for food staff were used) as F1 and F2. Chemical composition of kaolin, characteristics of turbid water, Jar test Coagulation experiments and Analytical methods such as turbidity, residual aluminum and pH that used to evaluate the coagulant aid waste extracts performance.
4. Results and discussion
They include the discussion of the results produced after highly turbid water treatment 500 and 1000 NTU by primary coagulant aluminum sulfate and coagulant aids as CorchorusOlitorius L (COL), T. foenumgraecum (TFG ) and Abelmoschusesculentus L (ASL)extracts.In the beginning primary coagulant optimum dose was indicated for both turbidities 500 and 1000 NTU. The turbidity, pH and residual Aluminum were measured to indicate the optimum dose of aluminum sulfate. The optimum dose of aluminum sulfate was 30 mg/l for both turbidities 500 and 1000 NTU. Generally, the pH deceased with the increase of Aluminum sulfate doses. The pH for the least Aluminum sulfate dose 10 mg/l decreased to 7.3 for both turbidities. At the optimum dose 30 mg/l pH decreased to 7, 7.1 for the turbidities 500 and1000 NTU respectively.
The pH had decreased to below the specification of WHO for the Aluminum sulfate doses 80-120 that the pH was 6.4-5.9.
For residual aluminum after adding 50 mg/l aluminum sulfateor more, the residual exceeded the recommended range of WHO 0.2 mg/l.For real sample, it was 40 mg/l for turbidity 350 NTU and 50 mg/l for turbidity 500 NTU. CorchorusOlitorius L (COL) aqueous extracts as C0, C1 accompanying with low dose of aluminum sulfate were used for treatment of highly turbid water of real flash spill water samples 500 NTU.
Aqueous leaves extract as C1 showed better results than aqueous stem extract C0which C1and C0 could decrease turbidity from 500 to 4.9, 3.6 respectively that were better than Aluminum sulfate only. Aqueous extracts for coagulant aids as F1, A1 accompanying with low dose of aluminum sulfate 10 mg/l were used for turbid water treatment 350 NTU. They showed high efficiency that F1 and A1 could decrease turbidity from 350 to 4.6, 4.9 respectively that were better than Aluminum sulfate only.
In general for all experiments, aqueous extracts showed the best results as coagulant aids than ethanolic extracts.The residual aluminum values exceeded the recommended range 0.2 mg/l for aluminum sulfate high doses for experimental and real samples.
In some cases, these high aluminum sulfate doses may use in water treatment plants during flash spill that made some troubles. The optimum dose for every coagulant aid extracts were indicated for both turbidities 500 and 1000 NTU. TFG, COL, ASL extracts Shown high turbidities removal efficiency up to 99% at their optimum doses.Coagulant aid extracts had slightly effect on residual aluminum and pH. The residual aluminum was 0.18, 0.19 mg/l for the Aluminum sulfate dosage 10 mg/l for turbidities 500, 1000 NTU but it decreased to about 0.12- 0.14 by using COL, TFG and ASL coagulant aid extracts.
The best results were achieved by using aqueous extract of corchorus leaves. In general all coagulant aid extractions could enhance the coagulation flocculation process. The amount of sludge produced for coagulant aids treatment was quarter than the amount of aluminum sulfate only. Coagulant aid extracts could reduce aluminum sulfate consumption to more than 60%.
FTIR analysis of natural coagulant aids showed that all COL extracts C0, C1 and C2 contain active agents that can be used as natural coagulant aids, especially phenols and polysaccharides. FTIR results showed that Okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L (ASL)) extacts as A1, A2 contain active agents that can be used as natural coagulant aids, especially polysaccharides and carboxylic acids and alcohols. These FTIR results also showed that fenugreek (T.foenum-graecum (TFG)) as F1, F2 contain active agents that can be used as natural coagulant aids, especially protein and polysaccharides. Aquatic extracts C1; A1; F1 shows more intensity in the broad bands than the ethanolic extracts C2, A2, and F2. The more intensity for phenols groups and polysaccharides groups found for Corchorus extracts especially for aquatic extraction C1 that may explain why leaves aquatic extract as C1 had better coagulation actions than other extracts.In general Col, ASL, TFG coagulant aid extracts may help in natural particulate and colloidal materials coagulation and flocculation effectively, which are negatively charged, through adsorption,inter-particle bridging and hydrophobic flocculation as well.