الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The fast revolution in communication network and sensors technology paved the way to the next generation on wireless sensor networks. The coexistence of both sensors and actuators clarifies the main characteristics of Wireless sensor/actuator networks WSANs, which have advantage of feedback, which is the main element in any control system. Using WSANs give the chance of developing wireless control system applications, where they will become the backbone of most control applications allowing a new degree of distributed control.
Wireless sensor/actuator network WSAN, conquered all fields whether environmental monitoring, agriculture, healthcare, and military application.
The wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) are a distributed system of sensor and actuator nodes that are connected via wireless networks. Sensors acquire data about the physical world, such as the environmental or physical systems, and send it to controllers/actuators via single-hop or multi-hop communications. The controllers/actuators use the information they receive to affect the behavior of the environment or physical systems.
6.2 SUMMARY
The work of this study succeeded in designing two types of motes (1) the sensor mote to sense some field, and environmental parameters, using arduino Uno board, capacitive soil moisture sensor, and DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor.
the transceiver section in this mote is Xbee3 module as shown in figure (4-3),
(2) the actuating mote to control some field parameters (control the irrigation system). Also, using arduino Uno board, to control water solenoid valve. The target of these motes is designing a wireless sensor actuator network to monitor the field, and environmental parameters such as the soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. Also, to make change in some field parameters (in this work controlling the irrigation system). The measured and the control data are sent wirelessly by xbee3 module to the central computer as mentioned before in chapter (4).
the study proposed a software program to monitor, and control some of field, and environmental parameters as shown in figure (4-27).
The program consists of three tabs forms, the data logger/monitor tab form, irrigation control tab form, and configuration tab form. The software program installed on
a central computer to configure, monitor, and control the system, and field parameters. The collected data, and the control data are saved in central database.
The final stage in this work was implementing an open field agriculture experiment using the proposed system, and was collecting some vegetative growth parameter to study the effect of using the proposed system to increase the resource use efficiency.
The experiment has studied three irrigation treatments. The first treatment is the conventional irrigation, which is irrigated three times per week (repeated irrigation), and the irrigation time is one hour, at an irrigation rate of 4 liters per hour. The control treatment (A) is the soil moisture for the area 1 when started irrigation
(≈ 12% in this experiment). The treatment (B) deducted 0.01 from the soil moisture of the control treatment (A), and the treatment (C) deducted 0.02 from the soil moisture of the control treatment (A).
The results of the work found that the number of irrigation of treatment (A) are 72 which equaled 288 liter / plant or 5,760 m3 / feddan, the number of irrigation of treatment (B) are 62 which equaled 248 liter / plant or 4,960 m3 / feddan, and the number of irrigation of treatment (C) are 72 which equaled 216 liter / plant or
4,320 m3 / feddan.
The work selects four types of vegetative growth plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh weight of herb per plant (gm) and feddan (ton), and dry weight of leaves per plant (gm) and feddan (ton).
The results of the experiment showed that the average values of the marjoram plant’s height were significantly affected by the difference in the soil moisture treatment in both cuts. In general, the plant height inversely proportion to the soil moisture of the marjoram plants that received treatment (C), thus producing the highest values of plant height. Moreover, the highest plants in both cuts were produced from plants that received treatment (C), followed by (B), during the two cuts in the planting season 2019. In the first cut, the mean value of plant height was 35.9, 47.2, and 52.1 cm for treatment A (control), B, and C respectively. While, in the second cut, the mean value of plant height was 36.1, 49.2, and 53.4 cm, with the same treatments.
The results of study also, found that the both cuts showed the same trend in all different soil moisture rates treatment, as they gave the best average values of the number of branches per plant with treatment C in the first and second cuts. However, in the first cut, the mean branching during the different soil moisture rates treatment was 12.667, 19.497 and 23.033 for treatment of A (control), B and C respectively, while in the second cut, these values were 13.040, 20.907 and 24.067 for the season 2019 with the same treatments.
Supplying Majorana plants with different soil moisture rates treatment in both cuts led to an increase in fresh weight of herb per plant (gm) comparing to treatment (A) (control) plants in the two cuts. It was found that the application of treatment (C) gave the heaviest fresh weight of herb per plant (gm) as ranged 507.52 and 494.27 in the first cut and 505.29 and 492.46 in the second cut over that of control 472.37 and 470.60 treatment in the first and the second cuts, respectively. Concerning to effect different soil moisture rates treatment on fresh weight of herb per feddan (ton), declared that all of them caused a significant increase in fresh weight of herb per feddan (ton) compared to control plants in the two cuts in season 2019. The highest values of fresh weight of herb per feddan (ton) were obtained due to applying treatment (C) which augmented it by 10.150 and 10.107 ton over that of control plants in the two cuts, respectively.
The study also pointed out that the different soil moisture rates treatment caused a significant increase in dry weight of leaves per plant (gm) of (Majorana
hortensis, L.) in comparison with control plants in both cuts. The heaviest dry weight of leaves per plant (gm) was detected due to C treatment which increased it by 53.493 g and 57.220 gm over that control treatment 43.783 gm and 47.777 gm in the two growing cuts, respectively. It is noticed that the differences between treatments were significant in the two cuts therefore, it is possible to substitute the treatment with treatment (C) at the recommended irrigation rates for the plant. In regard to different irrigation rates, the data revealed that using treatment (C) significantly increased the dry weight of leaves per feddan (ton) in comparison with control plant in the two cuts. The highest values of dry weight of leaves per feddan (ton) were obtained due to applying using treatment (C).
The above-mentioned treatment produced 1.0697 ton and 1.1443 ton per feddan
dry leaves while, control treatment gave 0.8757 ton and 1.0697 ton per feddan
dry leaves in the two successive cuts, respectively, as clearly declared.
The increasing results from the provision of appropriate irrigation for the plant is attributed to its moral effect on all characteristics of the vegetative growth under study, as irrigation leads to the opening of the stomata on the leaves and thus
the entry of carbon dioxide, and accordingly the process of photosynthesis and the formation of sugars necessary for the growth process increases, and the vegetative growth increases which is represented in an increase in the growth of the main stem, the plant height increases and the formation of subsidiary buds, which leads to an increase in the branches and thus an increase in the number of leaves, which is reflected in the components of the crop from the fresh and dry weight / plant / acre, whether for grass or leaves, and accordingly the crop increases to a degree that depends on the amount of water necessary for plant growth.
The study showed also, that the use of different soil moisture rates treatment had a positive significant effect on vegetative growth, and the weight of dry leaves.
It finds that decreasing the value of soil moisture led to a reduction in the number of irrigations, and a reduction in the amount of irrigation water for the season as a whole. This reduction has led to an increase in the water use efficiency. So, the study finds that the use of treatment (A) gave average weight of dry leaves per plant equal 91.56 gm, and 1831 kg per Fadden of dry leaves. The consumed water per Feddan is 5760 m3 during the season. The plants were treated by treatment (B), gave average weight of dry leaves per plant equal 105.3 gm, and 2106 kg per Fadden of dry leaves. The consumed water per Feddan is 4960 m3 during the season. It gave 425 gm of dry leaves per each cubic meter of water with water use efficiency 33.65%. Finally, the plants were treated by treatment (C), gave average weight of dry leaves per plant equal 110.713 gm, and 2214 kg per Fadden of dry leaves. The consumed water per Feddan is 4320 m3 during the season. It gave 513 gm of dry leaves per each cubic meter of water with water use efficiency 61.23%.
6.3 CONCLUSION
The proposed system used the wireless sensor and actuator network WSAN in the agriculture sector under Egyptian environmental conditions. it causes an increase in the water use efficiency more than 61% by linking the irrigation with the value of soil moisture data and allows collecting a lot of field and environmental parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in the central database.
The suggested system succeeded in wirelessly controlling the irrigation system. The human intervention is minimized by using the suggested system, and the farm manager can know about the farm data and external environmental parameters and has complete wireless control on the irrigation system.
6.4 SUGGESTED FUTURE WORK
Wireless sensor/actuator networks WSANs have the advantage of feedback, which is the main element in any control system. So, it can use this technology in the agriculture sector to benefit from this technology for Re-study the irrigation and fertilization rates for different crops. Conduct agricultural experiments on diverse crops and diverse types of soil using the technology of wireless sensor/actuator networks.
The use of WSAN and Cloud services and IOT technology in agricultural sectors provides high potential benefits which will be economically worth in the field of agriculture, and will give a good result in research field.