الفهرس 
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Abstract
The Objectives of this study aimed to ensure that the particles are at the nanoscale and a zeta potential test to find out the charge possessed by the nanoparticles for the colloidal stability of the charge particles.
In addition, this study aimed to reveal the potential effect of the addition of different levels of chitosan silver-copper nanoparticle composite such like ( 0 , 20, 40, 60, 80 , 100 gm./ kg DM)
with different levels of diets in forage to concentrate on nutrient degradability, ruminal
fermentation characteristics and methane emission to different experimental roughage: concentrate ratio diets (60:60, 60:40, 50:50 g/kg DM ) in vitro. The evaluation was carried out using a semiautomated system to produce gas over a 24-hour period. The rumen fluid was collected from three Egyptian buffalo calves that were recently slaughtered, which it was used as a source of rumen fluid. characteristics of rumen fermentation, true degraded of dry matter, organic matter, gas
production, pH, ammonia concentration, partitioning factor, total volatile fatty acids and protozoa were estimated in vitro.
The obtained results showed that:
The average size of the nanoparticles was 131.3 nanometers, the result of the voltage test was a good oil, with a positive charge, and the average was 5.56 millivolts.
Results showed that diet, nano product treatment, and their interaction were significantly (P < 0.05) affected the GP values, an increase in total GP observed by the low-concentration diet,
while both high and medium concentrate diets were presented similar lower GP values. The contrast analysis of GP showed that only the dose response effect was observed for the low
concentrate diet, while no effects were observed by both medium and high concentrate diets.
Linear (P = 0.08) and cubic decrease (P = 0.06) in GP were observed by the increasing the supplementation level of the experimental chitosan silver-copper nanoparticle composite.
The diet type, treatment, and their interactions were significantly (P < 0.001) affected the CH4 production. Both high and medium concentrate diets significantly decreased the CH4
compared to the low concentrate diet. Linear, quadratic and cubic decreases (P < 0.05) in CH4production (related to the incubated DM or the TDOM) achieved by the increasing supplementation level of the experimental nano product with the high and medium concentrate
diets, while quadratic and cubic increases in CH4 were observed by the experimental supplemented to the low concentrate diet.
Results showed that there were no significant effects of the diet types with different roughage: concentrate ratios and supplemental ascending doses or their interaction on protozoa
and pH, while treatment and diet type affected significantly (P <0.05) the NH3-N concentration without interaction between them. Linear decreases in NH3-N were observed by the low (P =0.009) and high concentrate diets (P = 0.01), while the contrast analysis showed no effects of the increasing levels of the chitosan silver-copper nanoparticle composite supplemented to the medium concentrate diet.
Results showed that only diet type had affected the molar proportions of acetate (P =0.06), butyrate (P= 0.05) and tended to affect iso valerate (P= 0.08), while neither treatment nor diet × treatment affected the SCFAS pattern in this study. Concerning the contrast test, neither total SCFAS concentration, nor the individual molar proportions of SCFA were significantly (P > 0.05)
affected by the supplementation of the experimental nano product. Only iso valerate tended to be decreased (P =0.09) by the treatment supplementation. Total SCFAs concentrations linearly
decreased (P = 0.04) by the treatment supplemented to the high concentrate diet.