الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study presented in this thesis include development and the combination between some techniques and technologies such as Analytical chemistry, Biochemistry, Photochemistry and Nanotechnology for the determination of some active material (e.g., Vitamin D3 and the carbohydrate antigen CA 15-3 as biomarkers for the determination of some chronic diseases using some real samples.
The thesis is divided into 4 chapters:
Chapter One:
Includes a general introduction on lanthanides, optical sensors, fluorescence, chronic diseases and other methods used for determination of Vitamin D3, the carbohydrate antigen CA 15-3 as biomarkers for some chronic diseases using some real samples, Determination of Molnupiravir compound as antiviral drug for covid 19
Chapter Two:
Describes a new nano-optical sensor Tb3+-3-Acetylindol complex for assessment of CA 15-3 The optimal experimental conditions such as solvent, pH and molar ratio corresponding to maximum luminescence intensity were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the luminescence intensity of Tb3+-3-Acetylindol complex is inversely proportional to the concentration of CA 15-3 in range (1.28×10-6 – 2.49 × 10-9) mol L−1, (r = 0.999). The detection limit (S: N=3) (LOD) and quantitation limit of detection (LOQ) are (4.0 ×10−9and 1.21×10-8) mol L-1 respectively. Determination of CA 15-3 concentrations using Chemiluminescence method was explained in this work also.
Chapter Three:
Describes a new nano-optical sensor Cumarin for assessment of Vitamin D3. The optimal experimental conditions such as solvent, pH and molar ratio corresponding to maximum luminescence intensity were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the luminescence intensity of Cumarin is proportional to the concentration of Vitamin D3 in range (4.9 x 10-9-4.2 x 10-6) mol L−1, (r = 0.999). The detection limit (S: N=3) (LOD) and quantitation limit of detection (LOQ) are (1.6 x 10-9) mol L-1 and (2.8 x 10-9) mol L−1 respectively. This method is used for early diagnosis of some chronic diseases.
Vitamin D plays a role in normal breast tissue development. This effect is believed to be largely mediated through intervention of vitamin D with VDR. Recently, vitamin D status and VDR gene polymorphisms have emerged as risk factors for breast cancer development; however, controversial findings have been observed.
Present study was investigated the association of vitamin D status and VDR FokI gene polymorphism with the risk of breast cancer.
The study included 40 pre-menopausal female patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and who did not start any treatment modality. In addition, 10 healthy female’s controls. Assay of serum 25 (OH) vitamin D was done using ELISA technique, while detection of VDR (Fok1) gene polymorphism was done by PCR-RFLP technique.
The present study revealed the presence of a highly significant difference between breast cancer patients and controls as regards positive family history of breast cancer and the intake of OCPs. Within the breast cancer group, half of the patients had a late-stage disease (stages III and IV) at the time of initial diagnosis. The majority of patients (85%) had infiltrating carcinoma and (60%) had a grade II tumor.
The present study revealed a highly significant decrease in vitamin D levels among breast cancer patients as compared to controls. However, no significant difference was found between breast cancer patients and control group as regards VDR (FokI) gene polymorphism genotypes.
In the present study, neither the vitamin D levels nor the VDR Fok1 gene polymorphism genotypes showed any relation with tumor staging, histological types and grade of differentiation as well as the status of ER, PR and HER2.
Chapter Four:
Determination of Molnupiravir compound as antiviral drug for covid 19 by using RP-HPLC-UV method with linear range 0.2-80.0 μg/mL and limit of detection 0.04 μg/mL and 0.12 μg/mL