الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
With increasing energy requirements and limited fuel resources, finding cheap renewable sources to generate eco-friendly biofuels had attracted concern. The objective of our current economy was to enhance biodiesel production from P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 isolates using the following steps:
Firstly, isolation some microorganisms could convert the Agricultural residues to fermentable sugars using cellulase enzymes and reused these fermentable sugars in biodiesel production from P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC (two fungal isolates that were previously isolated and characterized as lipid producers) to reduce the cost of production.
Secondly, the P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 were treated with different chemical and physical mutagens for improving their biodiesel production.
Finally, Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize fungal lipid production to increase biodiesel production from the wild types and mutant fungal isolates.
The obtained results could be summarized at the following points:
1. Total 68 and 89 bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively, were isolated from soil samples from different locations in Egypt.
2. Eight microbial isolates among all microbial isolates which showed the highest clear zones were chosen out of qualitative screened for cellulases production on a CMC agar plate using iodine solution.
3. Four microbial isolates, two bacterial isolates (HII5 and Sz5) and two fungal isolates (GII3 and HII 20) were selected to quantitatively screened for cellulases production by cellulose broth medium. The cellulolytic enzymes FP-ase, CMC-ase, xylanase, and cellobiase were estimated.
4. Five agricultural residues samples were collected from districts in Egypt such as corn stalk, wheat straw, corn cobs, bagasse, and rice straw used as substrates for the production of cellulases under SSF for 4 microbial isolates. The two bacterial isolates were the best hydrolysis of the bagasse residues and the total fermentable sugars by using HII5 and Sz5 were
26.57 and 27.98 mg/g after 3 days respectively.
5. The identification of the best producing bacterial isolates Sz5 and HII5 by microbial and molecular biology methods were Bacillus cereus 3SME and Bacillus velezensis 3SME and the accession numbers in GenBank were MW522550 and MW523035, respectively.
6. The best environmental parameters for B. cereus 3SME and B. velezensis 3SME in cellulases production were able to produce fermentable sugars 56.48 and 53.56 mg/g at 37°C after 2 days of incubation at pH 6 and 6.5, respectively. Bagasse (0.25 g) was used as a carbon source in a 50 ml conical flask and corn steep liquor for both microorganisms.
7. FTIR spectroscopy was used to detect the functional groups for the bagasse in the presence and absence of B. cereus 3SME and B. velezensis 3SME .
8. SEM analysis was studied was used to detect the transformations of cellulolytic fibers for the bagasse in the presence and absence of B. cereus 3SME and B. velezensis 3SME .
9. The HPLC analysis for bagasse that was inoculated by B. cereus 3SME and B. velezensis 3SME for the two extracts was composed of glucuronic acid, fructose, glucose, and xylose with a molar ratio of 1.0:2.6:2.1:2.3 and 0.3:1.5:1.0:6.2, respectively.
10. Four mutagenic agents were used to improve the lipid production from P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017. One was a physical agent including gamma radiation and three were chemical mutagenic agents including sodium azide (NaN3), ethidium bromide (EB), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The stability of three generations for lipid production indicated that were given stable characters in the case of gamma- radiation, EB, and EMS but the NaN3 resulted in an unstable charterer.
11. ISSR molecular marker was used to compare between the wild type of P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 and mutants by 5 different primers and the results showed a major difference between the wild type for both fungal and resulted mutants.
12. Optimization of the culture conditions based on the response surface methodology (RSM) for lipid production by P. commune NRC 2016 wild type, F. oxysporum NRC 2017 wild type, and mutants with using the hydrolysate of fermentable sugars that was produced from bagasse by using
B. cereus 3SME. The maximum lipid content (g/l) after optimization for P. commune NRC 2016 wild type, gamma-radiation mutant, EB mutant, and EMS mutant were 2.01, 2.55, 1.71, and 2.27, respectively. For F. oxysporum NRC 2017 wild type, gamma-radiation mutant, EB mutant, and EMS mutant were 2.4, 3.81, 2.63, and 3.47, respectively.
13. Lipids were extracted from P. commune NRC 2016 wild type, F. oxysporum NRC 2017 wild type, and their mutant cells with chloroform:
methanol (2:1 v/v). Transesterification reaction for lipid was performed by using methanol to lipid molar ratio of 60:1 and HCl as catalyst concentration of 8 wt% relative to fungal lipid.
14. Gas chromatography analysis for FAME compositions from P. commune NRC 2016, F. oxysporum NRC 2017 wild types and mutants were mainly C16-C18 that suitable to produce biodiesel.
15. The physical properties for P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017and induced mutants including density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and cetane number are accepted with ASTM D975