الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Insecticides play a significant role in agriculture by reducing economic losses caused by insects and their use has recently increased. Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide that has been in general use since the 1960s, when it was first created by Germans in the 1930s and marketed by Dow Chemicals in the United States in 1965 as a home and garden insecticide. Chlorpyrifos is commonly used in agriculture to manage pest infestations in crops like cotton, cereals, vegetables, and fruits. Chlorpyrifos is a non-systemic pesticide that is effective against a wide range of economically important insect pests. Chlorpyrifos enters insects’ bodies by touch and ingestion, and it is also absorbed through the gut, skin, and pulmonary membranes. It mainly affects the nervous system of the target insect by phosphorylating acetyl cholinesterase and reducing its action both in the synapse and in the plasma. The soil, sediment, water, air, and geochemical processes are all affected. Chlorpyrifos residues have also been found in sediments, soil, water, vegetables, food, and even human fluids. Because of Chlorpyrifos’ extreme toxicity, research is being performed worldwide to
discover and develop effective and efficient techniques of eradicating Chlorpyrifos and its related chemicals from ecosystems. In humans, OPS poisoning causes a variety of symptoms
including overall weakness, headache, increased perspiration, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and tremors. In the most extreme situations, procedures cause respiratory collapse, which can result in death. Various strategies are currently available to detoxify these pesticides, however microbial degradation of Chlorpyrifos, particularly by bacteria, has proven to be quite successful and environmentally acceptable. Bioremediation is a technique that uses the potential of microbial
degradation to create a cost-effective and dependable way of pesticide reduction. Using
bacteria that can digest toxins, many aquatic and biological ecosystems have been
successfully reclaimed from pesticide contamination. Many bacteria in the soil that degrade
pesticides have numerous abilities such as creating phytohormones, dissolving minerals, fixing N2, and so on, all of which are critical for plant growth. The existence of the aforementioned characteristics highlights the economic and ecological significance of these bacteria. The potential of bacteria to detoxify pollutants while promoting plant development has previously been studied for the herbicides carbofuran and thiamethoxam. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of three types of bacteria to breakdown the pesticide chlorpyrifos and to identify the genes involved in chlorpyrifos degradation. Measuring chlorpyrifos biodegradation residues in soil and Faba bean plants, as well as investigating gene expression in Faba beans and rat exposed with chlorpyrifos and its residues, through the following:-Assessment of the ability of different types of bacteria to degrade Chlorpyrifos pesticide
-Identification of the Chlorpyrifos degradation genes 105
- Estimation of biodegradation residues of Chlorpyrifos in soil and Faba beans plants
-Gene expression study of oncogenes in mal rats treated by feeding on Chlorpyrifos
biodegradation residues and plants treated with Chlorpyrifos.
- Studying of gene expression in Faba beans that have been treated.