الفهرس 
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Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the human diet in the world and Egypt. Since wheat is the staple food crop in urban and rural areas; Moreover, it is widely used for making bread, pasta, biscuits, and sweets. It is worth noting that wheat straw (hay) is the source of feed for animals as a filler. Because of the increase in population in Egypt, the Food and Agriculture Organization stressed the importance of increasing wheat productivity from a unit area of land, as the area allocated for wheat production is limited. Wheat production can be increased by increasing the productivity of the cultivated area by adopting modern agricultural methods, planting appropriate wheat varieties, choosing appropriate harvest dates, and improving transactions during different storage periods to reduce waste. Estimates of the cost of grain loss due to spoilage caused by insects and microorganisms in grain stored in developing countries ranged annually from $500 million to $1 billion. So, a storage experiment had carried out under the environmental conditions of Burj El-Arab warehouse, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt from 30th May 2020 to 26th February to become conscious of the effect of treatment with some natural (botanical oils) and chemical (insecticides) compounds on storage efficiency, germination, and seedlings parameter as well as grains quality of wheat during storage periods. V.1. Storage experiment: V.1.1. Pesticides used: • Aluminum phosphide. • deltamethrin • Malathion. SUMMARY - 99 - V.1.2. Botanical oils: • Clove oil • Coriander oil, • Lemon grass oil The experiment had arranged in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor contained different three storage periods of wheat grains after harvesting time directly as follows: - Storage for 3 months. - Storage for 6 months. - Storage for 9 months. The second factor included seven treatments with some natural substances (botanical oils) before beginning the storage as follows: - Storing wheat grains without any treatment (control treatment). - Treating wheat grains with clove oil at the rate of 10%. - Treating wheat grains with clove oil at the rate of 15%. - Treating wheat grains with coriander oil at the rate of 10%. - Treating wheat grains with coriander oil at the rate of 15%. - Treating wheat grains with lemon grass oil at the rate of 10%. - Treating wheat grains with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15%. The third factor included seven treatments with some chemical substances (insecticides) before beginning the storage as follows: - Storing wheat grains without any treatment (control treatment). - Treating wheat grains with deltamethrin (1 ppm). - Treating wheat grains with deltamethrin ( 2 ppm). - Treating wheat grains with malathion (10 ppm). - Treating wheat grains with malathion (15 ppm). - Treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 3 tablets/m3. - Treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 5 tablets/m3. V.1.3. Studied characters: V1.3.1. Storage efficiency characters: 1. Insect infestation percentage (%). 2. Number of dead insects. 3. Grain weight loss percentage (%). V1.3.2. Germination and seedlings parameters: 1. Germination percentage (%). 2. Abnormal seedlings percentage (%). 3. Shoot length (cm). 4. Root length (cm). 5. Seedlings’ fresh weight (g). 6. Seedlings dry weight (g). V1.3.3. Grains quality: 1. Crude protein percentage (%). 2. Gluten percentage (%). V1.4. The most important results obtained from this investigation can be summarized as follows: V1.4.1. Effect of storage periods: Storage periods of wheat grains (3, 6, and 9 months from the beginning of the storage) had significant effects on storage efficiency characteristics (insect infestation percentage, number of dead insects, and grain weight loss percentage), germination, and seedlings parameters (germination and abnormal seedlings percentages, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights) and grains quality (crude protein and gluten percentages). from obtained results, it could be noticed that insect infestation percentage, the number of dead insects, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were significantly increased as a result of increasing storage periods from 3 to 6 and 9 months from the beginning of storage. However, germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings’ fresh and dry weights, and crude protein and gluten percentages were significantly decreased as a result of increasing storage periods of wheat grains from 3 to 6 and 9 months from the beginning of storage. Wherever, the highest germination percentage, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein, and gluten percentages were obtained from storage wheat grains for 3 months from the beginning of storage, followed by storage wheat grains for 6 months from the beginning of storage. While, the lowest germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, and crude protein and gluten percentages resulted from the storage of wheat grains for 9 months from the beginning of storage. V1.4.2. Effect of some botanical oils (clove, coriander, and lemon grass oils at different rates): The statistical analysis of obtained results showed that the studied treatments of wheat grains with some botanical oils i.e. clove, coriander, and lemon grass oils at the rates of 10 and 15 % of each before starting the storage had significant effects on storage efficiency characters (insect infestation percentage, number of dead insects and grain weight loss percentage), germination and seedlings parameters (germination and abnormal seedlings percentages, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights) and grains quality (crude protein and gluten percentages) as compared with control treatment (storing wheat grains in metal containers without any treatment). The highest number of dead insects/sample, germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein and gluten percentages at the same time the lowest insect infestation percentage, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were recorded from wheat grains treated with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15 %. Treating wheat grains with coriander oil at the rate of 15 % was ranked second after the formerly mentioned treatment with significant differences between them. Treating grains with lemon grass oil at the rate of 10 % ranked thirdly after the aforementioned treatments and followed by treating grains with coriander oil at the rate of 10 %, then clove oil at the rate of 15 %, clove oil at the rate of 10 % and lastly storing wheat grains in metal containers without any treatment (control treatment) with respect of the all studied storage efficiency characters, germination, and seedlings parameters and grains quality. V1.4.3. Effect of some insecticides (deltamethrin, malathion, and phosphine at various rates): Treatment of wheat grains before starting the storage with insecticides (deltamethrin, malathion, and phosphine at various rates) significantly affected storage efficiency characteristics (insect infestation percentage, number of dead insects, and grain weight loss percentage), germination and seedlings parameters (germination and abnormal seedlings percentages, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights) and grains quality (crude protein and gluten percentages) as compared with control treatment (storing wheat grains in metal containers without any treatment) during storage periods. Where, the highest number of dead insects/sample, germination percentage, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein and gluten percentages, simultaneously the lowest insect infestation percentage, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were produced from treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 5 tablets/m3, followed treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 3 tablets/m3 after 3 months from the beginning of storage. While, the lowest number of dead insects/sample, germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein and gluten percentages, the same time the highest insect infestation percentage, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were created from wheat grains stored in metal containers without any treatment (control treatment) after 9 months from the beginning of storage. On average throughout the storage periods (3, 6, and months), the creative treatment with insecticides which lead to enhancing storage efficiency characters, germination, and seedlings parameters, and grains quality was treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 5 tablets/m3, followed by treating wheat grains with phosphine at the rate of 3 tablets/ m3, then treating wheat grains with deltamethrin at the rate of 2 ppm, treating wheat grains with deltamethrin at the rate of 1 ppm, treating wheat grains with malathion at the rate of 15 %, treating wheat grains with malathion at the rate of 10 % and lastly storing wheat grains in metal containers without any treatment with significant differences among them. V1.4.4. Effect of the interaction between treatment wheat grains with some botanical oils and insecticides during storage periods: Storage efficiency characters (insect infestation percentage, number of dead insects, and grain weight loss percentage), germination and seedlings parameters (germination and abnormal seedlings percentages, shoot and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights), and grains quality (crude protein and gluten percentages) were significantly affected by the interaction between the treatment of wheat grains with some botanical oils and insecticides during storage periods (3, 6 and months). It almost certainly noticed that the highest number of dead insects/sample, germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein and gluten percentages, concurrently the lowest insect infestation percentage, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were produced from the samples of wheat grains treated with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15 % and phosphine at the rate of 5 tablets/m3 after 3 months from the beginning of storage. While, the lowest number of dead insects/sample, germination percentage, shoot, and root lengths, seedlings fresh and dry weights, crude protein and gluten percentages, along with the highest insect infestation percentage, grain weight loss percentage, and abnormal seedlings percentage were produced from control treatment of both botanical oils and insecticides after 9 months from the beginning of storage. On average of the three storage periods, the best treatment that produced the highest storage efficiency characters, germination and seedlings parameters and grains quality were treating grains with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15 % and phosphine at the rate of 5 tablets/m3, followed by wheat grains treated with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15 % and phosphine at the rate of 3 tablets/m3 and wheat grains treated with lemon grass oil at the rate of 15 % and deltamethrin at the rate of 2 ppm.