الفهرس 
ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANDIBLEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Pediatric facial fractures represent an important aspect of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery practice. Mandibular condylar and subcondylar fractures are one of the most common facial bone fractures (Blumer et al., 2018).
Management of mandibular fractures in children continues to be a subject of many debates because of its effect on the mandibular growth and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) mobility. The goal of management of condylar and subcondylar fractures in pediatrics is to restore mandibular symmetry, occlusion and to prevent complications, without interfering with future growth and occlusal development (Hakim et al., 2018).
Pediatric condylar fractures can be managed either by` conservative or by surgical intervention. The generally preferred modality is the conservative management as it maintains normal occlusion, immediate and early mobilization of the jaws with less morbidity (Kamel et al., 2019).
Conservative approaches encompasses physiotherapy with observation and follow up. Functional recovery is achieved in earlier stages and union always occurs with less complications. In fact, there is an excellent chance of regeneration and continued normal growth and development of the mandible after healing in growing pediatrics (Li et al., 2019).
Surgical intervention is either closed reduction with application of arch bars and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) using elastics or open reduction and internal fixation (Cooney et al., 2020).
Closed reduction and MMF can be uncomfortable for the patient along with poor oral hygiene, speech difficulties, impaired nutritional intake with weight loss and disuse atrophy of the masticatory muscles (Khiabani et al., 2020).
Alternatively, open reduction and internal fixation of condylar and subcondylar fractures ideally restores normal occlusion through open reduction and fixation using plates and screws. However, it’s difficult and risky because of the inherent anatomical hazards, including the possibility of damage to the facial nerve, wound infection and scars (Skroch et al., 2020).