الفهرس 
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Abstract
The objective of the current investigation was to assess the toxicity of sub-chronic TiO2 NPs on the kidney in rat model. The biological experimentation in the present research was conducted on forty adult male rats which were assigned into 4 groups (10 rats/group) as follows:
Gr-I : Normal control group.
Gr-II : Rats received 2.5 mg TiO2NPs /kg B.wt by oral gavage daily for 90 consecutive days as a sub-chronic dose.
Gr-III : Rats received (5.0 mg TiO2 NPs / kg B.wt ) by oral gavage daily for 90 days as a sub-chronic dose.
Gr-IV : Rats received (10.0 mg TiO2 NPs / kg B.wt) by oral gavage daily for 90 days as a sub-chronic dose.
After the termination of the treatment period (90 days), diets were withheld from the experimental rats for 12 hrs and then blood specimens were collected using a retro-orbital puncture under light ether anaesthesia. The blood specimens were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5min, and the sera were divided into aliquots and kept at -80 °C for biochemical determinations .After sacrificing the rats, the kidneys tissues were harvested promptly from each rat with sterile ophthalmic scissors and forceps. Kidneys tissues were divided into three parts, the first part was fixed in neutral formalin (10%) for histopathology examination , the second part was preserved in saline and then kept at -80 °C for further biochemical analyses and the third part (0.1gm) was preserved in liquid nitrogen and then kept at -80 °C for molecular genetics analyses.
Sera creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid levels were determined. Also, kidney MDA and TAC levels were measured using available commercial kits. In addition, IL-6 and CASP3 were estimated by ELISA. Gene expression levels of STAT3 and GRP-75 were quantified by RT-PCR. Histo-pathological examination of kidney tissue sections was also carried out.
The outcomes of this study confirmed TiO2 NPs induced nephrotoxicity in the experimental model.
The documents of the TiO2 NPs toxicity in the kidney of the rats in the current experiment are specified via a high serum creatinine, BUN, MDA, IL-6 and CASP3 concentrations and low serum uric acid and TAC levels . Also, the over expression of STAT3 and GRP-75 gene expression levels. Additionally, Histo-pathological examination of kidney tissue sections of the Tio2 NPs-treated rats ascertained the biochemical and molecular findings as they revealed a noticeable dose dependent toxicity in the TiO2 NPs-treated rats groups.