الفهرس 
Introduction and Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water is the foundation of life and the most important natural resource of a planet. Water bodies represent almost 71% of the land area, where sea water represents about 97% of this water, and even though this water is not suitable for drinking, it is of great economic importance because it represents a natural catch for fish and various marine creatures and as a means of transportation and areas for tourism, in addition to that many countries use sea water as a source of fresh water by desalination. The Gulf of Suez is considered as the southern entrance to the Suez Canal, which is one of the most important passages for global transportation. The waters of the northern part of the Gulf of Suez are subjected to many types of pollutants resulting from the discharge of many industrial companies (petrochemicals, power stations, Textile factories, iron and steel factories) in addition to effluents of ships and boats crossing across the ports (Attaka, Adabyia, El Sukhna) that may affect water quality and marine beings there. And On the other hand, there are many methods of wastewater treatment, the most important of which is the use of nanometric materials to get rid of various organic and inorganic pollutants by means of photocatalysis, adsorption or ion exchange so that the different wastewater discharge becomes at the natural levels recommended locally and globally.
The current study aims to environmental assessment of water, sediments and fish in the northern part of the Gulf of Suez in addition to preparing nanometric compounds to remove organic materials that may be discharged to the marine environment or various water bodies and safely dispose of them.
Surface water samples were collected seasonally from 11 stations in the study area during the period from winter to autumn 2017 in addition to some fish samples during winter and summer seasons 2017, while sediment samples were collected during winter 2017 in addition to taking samples from a number of different wastewater which are discharged to the Gulf of Suez including Alzaytiat, Elkabanon, Textile Egypt Iran company, Suez Company for fertilizer, Sewage treatment plant, Al-Adabyia, Industrial treatment plant and Sumed pipeline terminals company). This is in addition to preparing tin oxide nanoparticle and loading it with silver and evaluating its use and efficiency in degradition of dangerous organic materials with different wastewater.
This thesis comprises three parts, in addition to the references and the summary in Arabic.
The first part: represents introduction to the thesis and literature review related to the environmental status of the northern part of suez gulf followed by advanced oxidation process of organic pollutants especially via photocatalysis and factors affecting reduction of p-nitrophenol.
The second part represents the material and methods used to fulfill the plan of work including acquainting on the nature and importance of the study area, mapping of locations of the study area, sample collection, preservation methods, working procedures and finally equipments used. The methods used for synthesis of nanoparticle were described and their characterization. They were applied for reduction of p-nitrophenol and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Effect of pH, catalyst amount and initial concentration of pollutant were investigated.
The third part represents the results and discussions, including the results and their interpretations.
Water
Temperature, Salinity, TSM, pH, DO, BOD and OOM concentrations were within the range: (17.2-29.75) °C, (40.09-42.31) ‰, (11-32) mg/L, (7.79-8.19), (4.52-9.09) mg/L, (0.9-5.6) mg/L and (5.00-11.6) mg/L; respectively for surface water.Textile Egypt Iran effluent discharged the maximum TSM concentrations (187.00 mg/l).Sewage treatment plant discharged the maximum OOM concentrations (104 mg/l).
Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate and Silicate concentrations were within the range: (2.44-13.36), (0.65-6.25), (3.36-16.59), (0.37-6.08) and (0.84-18.41) µM; respectively for surface water. Nitrate comprises the majority of DIN about 49.08% and ammonia comprises about 35.54%. The maximum annual mean concentration of nitrite, nitrate and silicate was at AL-Adabyia that may be due to anticlockwise water circulation in Suez bay. Sewage treatment plant discharged the maximum concentrations of phosphate, silicate and nitrite (7.94, 138.57 and 77.38 µM). The present study showed DIN/DIP ratios fluctuated between 2.95 and 39.17 that may be due to the direct discharge of wasted effluents enriched with nitrogen. The maximum seasonal N:P ratio was during winter. The high N/P ratios indicate that Phosphorus is the most limiting factor. The annual average of N/P ratio for whole area was (16.14).
The range of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Fe and Mn concentrations in water were: (1.03-4.73), (4.26-39.83), (0.68-11.53), (0.11-0.92), (0.72-5.83), (0.6-1.42), (10.52-103.3) and (1.06 8.61) µg/L; respectively for surface water. The highest MPI was at AinSukhna that may be due to tourism activities, harbor and industrial companies in this location such asSumed Pipeline Company Terminals which discharged the maximum Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn concentrations (4.74, 35.72, 6.40, 0.80, 6.45 and 2.62) µg/l.
∑TPAH concentrations were in the range of 2 to 1007.47 ng/L for water samples. Water samples are dominated by low ratios of∑▒〖LPAH/HPAH〗 which might be presumably because of the relatively higher volatility of these LPAHs compounds which restrict their residence in water.Attaka Power Station recorded the highest annual mean value of PAHs (476.22 ng/L). The maximum TPAHs were discharged from Alzaytiat (17421.68 ng/l) followed by Textile Egypt Eran Company (4783.24 ng/l) then Sumed Pipeline Company Terminals (1648.18 ng/l) while minimum concentrations (29.285 ng/g) were discharged from ElKabanon. Fluoranthene was found to be the major dominant PAH discharged into the study area followed by Pyrene then Fluorene.
Phenol, 2-Chlorophenol, 2-Nitrophenol, O-cresol, m-cresol and p-cresol, 2, 4-dimethylophenol, 2, 4-dichlorophenol, 2, 6-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2, 3, 5-trichlorophenol2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol, 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenol, 2, 3, 4-trichlorophenol, 2, 3, 6-trichlorophenol, nitrophenol+2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol,2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, Pentachlorophenol, 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitropenol fluctuated between (nd and 2777.7 ng/l), (nd and 537.517 ng/l). (nd and 249980), (nd and 601.627), (nd and 581.71), (nd and 926.43 ng/l), (nd and 1048.935 ng/l), (nd and 904.442) (nd and 779.833), (nd and 629.607), (nd and 246.986), (nd and 2474.479), (nd and 246.986), (nd and 479.567), (nd and 749.077 ng/l), (nd and 960.291 ng/l), (nd and 35400 ng/l); respectively in the northern part of suez gulf water.
Sediment
The range of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Fe and Mn concentrations were (7.39-37.28), (23-198), (23.52-37.15), (2.01-3.34), (13.14-33.8), (7.88-10.61), (1421-10450) and (23.83-153.4) µg/g dry wt; respectively in sediments. Attaqa Electric Power recorded the maximum Fe concentration of 10450 µg/g dry wt that may be due to it is near to effluents of Suez Company for Steel Industry. The sources of Mn in the marine environment of studied area are the same as Fe (significant correlation r= 0.837, n=11, P>0.05). Generally, metal levels were in the following order: Fe <Zn<Mn<Pb<Ni< Cu <Co< Cd. Using CF, The present studied area is low contaminated with Cu, Ni, Co, Fe and Mn, moderate contaminated with Pb and very high contaminated with Cd at all locations. Using I geo, All locations were unpolluted by Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn. Only Cd showed I geovalues of class 1 that fluctuated from unpolluted to moderately polluted at all locations.The maximum Metal Pollution Index value was at El Attaka followed by Elzaityat (I) that may be due to marine transportation, industrial and human activities in these locations. Generally, all locations of the study area showed PLI levels > 1 that indicated unpolluted area.
∑TPAHs were in the range of 9.1 to 981.99 ng/g for sediments; The average concentrations of PAHs in all sediment samples were below the ERL indicating that most PAHs in surface sediments of the studied area have no adverse biological effects, only Green Island Station had pyrene concentration higher than ERL which may cause mild adverse biological effects but not acute effects. According to Baumard scale, most of the locations of the study area are slightly contaminated by PAHs while Alzaytiat, Attaka Power Station, Al-Adabyia Effluent and Green Island are moderately contaminated.
Total phenol concentrations varied from 207.958 ng/g dry wt at Green Island to 14250.846 ng/g dry wt at attaqa electric power company.Trichlorophenols represented the highest abundant concentration followed by pentachlorophenol then dichorophenol. Generally the highest chlorophenols were at attaqa electric power company followed by thermal electric company that shows the effect of residual chlorine discharged from these stations on formation of chlorophenols in compared with other stations in suez bay.
Fish
Muscles retained the lowest concentrations of the measured metals. Different organs of fish had different abilities to bind heavy metals. The sequence of MPI in different organs was: liver > Gills > muscles from the annual values. The order of MPI in the Muscles of the different species was RastrelligerKanagurta>TeraponPuta>NemipterusJaponicus. Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to estimate the health risks resulting from the consumption of some fish species from the northern part of suez gulf. The HQ values due to ingestion of the analyzed metals were in the following order: Co (HQ=0.456)<Pb (HQ=0.097)<Cd (HQ=0.066)< Ni (HQ=0.021)< Fe (HQ=0.016)< Cu (HQ=0.013)< Zn (HQ=0.008)<Mn (HQ=0.002). HQ values of the most studied metals were less than the non-hazardous limit (HQ<1).So the consumption of 57 g/day of Nemipterus Japonicus, Rastrelliger Kanagurta and Terapon Puta from suez bay do not demonstrate a risk (HQ<1). The hazard index value (HI = 0.64-0.718) was classified as no risk level (HI > 1).
∑TPAH were in the range of 136.22-3087.92 ng/g wet wtin Muscles. Pyrene was the major abundant PAHs in Muscles of the collected fish species followed by chrysene then Benzo (a) anthracenethat may be due to their high molecular weight PAHs that are more resistant to decomposition and therefore last in the environment. chrysene and Benzo (a) anthracene are of petrogenic sources and are (++) strongly carcinogenic that shows the adverse effect of these carcinogenic compounds on human health.
Among the investigated species, Terapon puta species exhibited the highest concentration factor for phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol+ p-cresol 2, 4-Dimethylphenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2, 6-dichlorophenol and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol. The highest Concentration factor was found for phenol.
Photocatalyst fabrication
A microwave and sol gel method were used for synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles. Doping of Silver on Tin Oxide nanoparticles was done in different Percentages (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10). pure tin oxide and 5% Ag- doped tin oxide composite were characterized by XRD, FTIR TEM, BET.
All composites were used for photocatalytic degradation of (2*10-5 M) methylene blue under UV-A light. 5% silver doped tin oxide (sol gel) achieved higher photocatalytic degradation (71.21) % using low amount (0.01 g) catalyst and pH 7.
Effeciency of catalyst for Visible light degradation of methylene blue increased from 3.33% to 38.59% on incorporation of 5 wt% Ag0 on the SnO2 surface (solgel) during 3 h of irradiation. Microwave tin Oxide was able to degrade about 17% MB under visible light.
Two waste water samples from some factories discharged to the study area were tested for removal of organic pollutants using (1 g/l) Ag-SnO2 Composite under UV light. The catalyst was able to degrade about 65% Organic Pollutants of Fertilizer Company Discharge and about 33% Al-Adabyia Outlet.
All composites were tested to reduce p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. No reduction of PNP was done using pure tin oxide and 1 % Ag-doped tin oxide composite. Low Reduction of PNP was accomplished by 3% and 4% Ag-doped composites that was less than 100%.
5%Silver doped Tin Oxide composite accomplished complete reduction of PNP in 25 second which followed first order kinetic under dark conditions without generating any by product in the presence of sodium borohydride and the rate constant was calculated to be 0.145 sec-1. The optimal dose of reductant and catalyst was tested to achieve 100 % reduction of PNP. 0.2g /l was the dose of the catalyst which achieved 100% reduction within 25 sec. However, beyond this amount, the reduction was less than 100% through 60 min.
Effect of reductant amount on PNP reduction was done by testing (0.1, 0.3) g sodium borohydride/l. No reduction of P-nitrophenol was done using low concentrations of sodium borohydride (0.1g/l) that was detected by disappearance of peak at 305 nm until 3 min. nearly 89.89% reduction was achieved using 0.3g/l sodium borohydride. 0.4g/l was the optimum concentration that makes 100 % reduction of PNP.
Using the optimum dose (0.2 g/l) of 5% Ag-SnO2 and (0.4g/l) NaBH4 for 5*10-5 M and 8*10-5 M p-nitrophenol, the rate constant was calculated as [0.214 Sec-1 ] and [0.176 Sec -1]; respectively.
Recommendations
Continous environmental studies for the study area must be done to assure good water quality for marine organism’shabitat.
Chemical treatment of the effluents of the drains before being discharged using advanced oxidation process especially photocatalysis using 5% Ag-SnO2and microwave tin oxide through the optimized conditions.