الفهرس 
Title : Epidemiological studies on canine parvo enteritis in dogs
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Abstract
Two studies were conducted to study some of the epidemiological aspects of canine parvovirus enteritis in dogs in some localities in the Giza Governorate, Egypt during the years 2019 and 2020. The first study aimed to detect the predominantcharacterize canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) strains, circulating in the Giza Governorate, Egyptvariant. A total of 22 rectal swabs collected from dogs with clinical signs suggestive of canine parvovirus enteritis were tested for the presence of CPV-2 using field (CPV-2 Ag rapid kits) and molecular (conventional PCR) techniques; further molecular investigation (sequencing) was conducted for the characterization of 16 samples. Results revealed that 20 samples were positive by the rapid kits, whereas 22 were positive by conventional PCR. CPV-2a was the predominant variant (12/16, 75%) followed by CPV-2c (3/12, 18.75%) and CPV-2b (1/16, 6.25%). The majority of samples (16/22) were obtained from non-vaccinated rather than vaccinated dogs. Therefore, it could be concluded that commercial vaccine strains (original strain or CPV-2b) might protect puppies against field strains; however, it is recommended to confirm this conclusion by further challenge studies. The second study aimed to investigate the association between some selected risk factors (the early finish of the primary puppy vaccination series and the antigenic variations) and the occurrence of CPV-2 vaccination failure in completely fully vaccinated puppies. The study included 58 CPV-2 clinically suspected cases, including 17 non-vaccinated and 41 vaccinated puppies with finished primary vaccination series. According to the minimum puppy{u2019}s age recommended by the international canine vaccination guidelines for the administration of the primary puppy vaccination series{u2019} last dose, vaccinated puppies were recruited into either the recommended ({u2265}16 weeks) or the early (<16 weeks) finish age groups. Conventional PCR was performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis and all CPV-2 positive samples were molecularly characterised