الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
This experiment was carried out at Shalakan Poultry Farm affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. These present studies were carried out on evaluating some productive traits and immune traits of Baladi free chickens under heat stress conditions and estimate the genes expression for some immunity genes under heat stress for Baladi free chickens.
The main results obtained could be summarized as follows.
1-Parent stock
1.1. Body weight (males and females)
At various ages, it was observed that the male Baladi free chickens were much heavier than their female counterparts.Additionally, for both sexes, the heat group significantly reduced body weight compared to the control group.
1.2. Body measurements
All body measurements (keel length, shank length, body depth, tibia length and comb and wattle length) in both groups were measured in Shank length and Tibia length that the control group achieved a high significant compared with the heat group. But, in traits (Keel length , Body depth , comb length and wattle length) show that the heat treatment group non-significant compared with the control group and interaction them.
1.3. Feed consumption
According to the current findings, baladi that exposed heat stress from 8 to 12 weeks of age consumed considerably less feed than the control treatment group.
1.4. Phenotypic traits
The results showed that in the parent stock, at one day of age, orange color was the dominant color among the colors within the stock 32% of the all stock, and at the age of 4 weeks, the orange color also appeared to be the dominant color among the colors by 35%.
1.5. Heat measurements
Showed that rectal temperature and respiration rate were significantly higher for the group exposed to heat stress than the control group.
1.6. Maturation measurement
The results showed that body measurements of sexual maturity were non significantly in all traits (Shank length, Tibia length, Body depth, Keel length, Comb length and Wattle length).
1.7. Laying performance
The findings shown that there is no discernible difference between heat treatment and control treatment in the egg number trait throughout the first 30 days, 90 days, and 150 days of production.The heat group was found to be considerably greater than the control group at 30 and 90 days of age in the egg mass trait.But around 150 days of age, something changed, and it was discovered that the control group greatly outperformed the heat group.
1.8. Egg quality measurements
1.8.1. Internal egg quality
The results showed that there no significantly between heat treatment and control treatment in Yolk index and Albumin weight and percentage. But, show that control treatment recorded significant increase in Haugh units compared to heat treatment.
1.8.2. External egg quality
The results showed that the effect of non-significant on the treatment.
2. Off spring flock
2.1. Body weight
Showed that the Baladi free chickens effect was significant at all ages in this study. Notably, heat treatment induced a significant decrease in body weight trait.
2.2. Body measurements
Body measurement (keel length, shank length, and tibia length and body depth) and comb and wattles length during growth period show that the effect no significant between heat treatment and the control treatment.
2.3. Feed consumption
Data indicated that the effect of treatment on body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of baladi recorded at 8-12 week of ages. The present result showed that baladi that was exposed of heat stress were consumed less feed from 8 to 12 days of age compared to control treatment group.
2.4. Phenotypic traits
The results showed that in offsprings stock, at one day of age, orange color was the dominant color among the colors within the stock 40% of the all stock, and at the age of 4 weeks, the orange color also appeared to be the dominant color among the colors by 65%.
2.5. Heat stress measurement
Showed that rectal temperature and respiration rate were significantly higher for the group exposed to heat stress than the control group.
3. Immune Responses Evaluation
The antibody titer was higher in control group compared with heat stress group. This shows that immunity is affected under heat stress compared to the control group and exposure to heat stress.
4. Genetics studies
According to the information of the gene ontology. Two genes were identified among the immune-related genes (CD1b and IL4I1 genes) in this stock. In order to study the response to Newcastle disease and the role of genes differences between the two groups (control and heat groups). showed that gene expression levels were estimated for IL4I1 gene and CD1b gene which are responsible for immunity under heat stress. The results showed that the expression level of IL4I1 gene and CD1b gene were significantly decreased in heated group compared to control group. This was caused by the increase in the internal temperature of the birds by measuring the rectal temperature. Accordingly, the gene expression was lower in the heat group compared to the control group.