الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. With current trends of increase in life expectancy and increasing number of elderly women, it is a global public health issue. Moreover, this problem is expected to reach epidemic proportions by 2050.
Aim: The current study investigates the effect of environmental factors on the development of osteoporosis among urban and rural premenopausal women and its relationship with the dietary habits.
Subjects and methods: This is a cross sectional study that included 400 premenopausal women with regular menses and mean age 38.85±3.11 years where half of them were from urban areas and other half were from rural areas. The studied women were recruited from National Nutrition Institute with the exclusion of those with high risk factors for secondary osteoporosis. All participants underwent medical history taking with focus on reproductive history, drug history, family history of osteoporosis, sun exposure, physical activity, coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, vitamin D intake and history of fractures. In addition, they were all subjected to full examination with anthropometric measures, dietary assessment using 24 hours recall and bone density assessment using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.
Results: There were significant higher values in the urban sample than that of the rural sample in nutrient analysis of 24-hour recall for the following parameters: Kcal, protein, CHO, total lipid, K, P, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe, vitamin C, A, B1and B2. However, there was a highly statistically significant difference between rural and urban areas as regard the cause of a previous fracture, the duration of sun exposure and vitamin D intake. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 4.5% of the studied women and 27.75% had osteopenia.
Conclusion: The prevalence of osteoporosis in the studied group was 4.5% (n=18). Among them (55.6%) were from rural areas and (44.4%) from urban areas. Nutrient profile was nearly similar in osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic women. The study revealed that obesity protect from osteoporosis.
Recommendations: future research about osteoporosis among lean women is recommended.