الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCNLUSIONS
Egypt is confronted by various water problems due to both climatic conditions and socio-economic factors. from an eco-climatic point of view, most of Egyptian regions extends across semi-arid and arid zones, wherever, it has been particularly affected by cycles of drought, salinity, and desertification. Under these conditions, irrigation consider as key issue for agricultural development. In addition, with respect to the socio-economic factors, the regions are characterized by a fast increasing in populations, as well as misuse of water in general and irrigation water in particularly, which has resulted in a sharp decline of the quota per capiata availability.
Accurately estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) as a parameter of irrigation scheduling is very critical for efficient use of limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (1) build, verify and validate an expert system for managing on-farm irrigation water of some soils under Egyptian conditions, (2) study the effect of coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity for center pivot irrigation system, (3) study the effect of the precise estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) on maximizing yield and improved water use efficiency.
The applied methodology that had been considered may be summarized as follows:
1. A rule-based program named CPISM-ES (Center Pivot Irrigation System Management- Expert System) was codes and compiled using python-3.7.2 language. The study presented the proposed program with its components, the built up reference information ( location information, soil properties, climatic data, crop data and properties for center pivot system) and all equations as well as rules used for estimating irrigation water management parameters.
2. The CPISM-ES rule-based program was verified using ready-to-use software programs (CropWat-8 and ClimWat 2) for estimating the daily reference evapotranspiration and a spreadsheet named the (FAO56Ax8.xls) introduced by FAO-56 for estimating the irrigation water management parameters.
3. The CPISM-ES rule-based program was validated by carrying out a field experiment at site:-El Salhyia and Wadi El-Natroon were obtained from several different sources.
4. The experiment included the following factors:
a) Location (El Salhyia and Wadi El Natroon).
b) Obtaining climatic data from a weather station.
c) Estimation actual crop evapotranspiration.
d) Estimation coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) for center pivot irrigation system.
The obtained results showed that:
1. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated using CPISM-ES rule-based program gave a high agreement among the values obtained from both CropWat-8.0 and ETo Calculator-3.2 programs.
2. The all calculated equations using CPISM-ES rule-based gave a high correlation with those obtained from the FA0-56 spreadsheet (FA056Ax8.xls).
3. The estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) using single-Kc approach of El Salhyia and Wadi El-Natrun was 1875 and 1520 m3 f.-1season-1, respectively.
4. Yield: the highest of crop potatoes for El Salhyia and Wadi El-Natrun was 16.2 and 14.7 t.fed-1, respectively.
5. Water use efficiency: the maximum value of water use efficiency for El Salhyia and Wadi-El natroon was 8.64 kg/ m3 and 9.67 kg/ m3, respectively.