الفهرس 
Introductionيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The presence of pollutants in water such as turbidity is a major challenge due to the many health problems and effects they cause on humanlife in addition to the negative impact on the environment as it reduces water quality, creates undesirable colors, reduces light transmittance and photosynthesis, as well as algae growth and increased costs of treatment. There are many technologies and methods used to remove turbidity from water, the most common of which is the traditional method used in water treatment plants at the present time by adding chemical coagulants such as alum, iron chloride and other chemicals. But there are some defects and problems in the use of chemicals and the presence of these substances in water treated with concentrations and that they are few and for long periods of time cause health problems, in addition to being toxic and carcinogenic substances, as well as their use requires adjusting the value of acidity and alkalinity, it produces large quantities of sludge, aluminum is not biodegradable and causes environmental problems when treating and recycling sludge, in addition to the high costs, especially the materials manufactured from it. This prompts researchers to develop several studies to search for sustainable and environmentally friendly natural coagulants of plant and animal origin as an alternative to chemical and artificial coagulants for drinking water. Despite some indications of these substances, they can be obtained and extracted easily from microorganisms, animal or plant tissues. It is an environmentally friendly material that is safe for human health. In addition, natural coagulants produce biodegradable sludge and are less bulky than alum, more acidic and alkaline than chemical ones. In this study, the efficiency and effectiveness of removing turbidity from water was studied using extracts of natural materials that were prepared from onion, oat and walnut seeds separately, as well as the possibility of using them in a low dose with low doses of alum to improve the efficiency of removal, in addition, the properties of the seeds with their extracts were studied. They were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray EDX. Moreover, the effect of coagulant dose concentration, initial turbidity, slow mixing time, pH, sedimentation time and their effect on removal efficiency was studied. The properties of the extracts were also studied in terms of (density, solubility, foam formation, color, odor). As well as the organic matter content of the treated water before and after adding the coagulant and comparing it with the TOC concentration of the alum treated water. A study of the application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) program with walnut seed extract in addition to the use of the Response Surface Method (RSM) application with onion, oat and walnut extracts. The results showed that the highest turbidity removal efficiency at the optimum doses of the three extracts (6,4,3) ml /L was (99.5%, 98.5%, 99.5%) for walnuts, onions and oats, respectively. Within the limits of pH = 7-11, the turbidity used was about (10-200) NTU, slow mixing time 30 min, sedimentation time (60,30) min. When using extracts with doses less than the optimal dose (3,2,1) ml /L with low doses of alum up to half of the optimal dose required. It achieved a removal efficiency (99.5% for walnuts, 96% for onions, 93% for oats) under the same previous conditions. The value of TOC was verified by making a number of tests for water before and after adding natural coagulants and comparing it with water treated with alum and water treated with a dose of natural coagulants with alum. It was found that the value of TOC was within the limits of international standards for drinking water quality. Through the application of the ANN program with walnut extract when using the treatments (dose 4 ml / liter, slow mixing time 30 min, turbidity 10 NTU, PH = 10) a total response R = 0.96 was achieved, which means that the network response was appropriate and various other factors can be used. When applying the RSM program with the three natural extracts and according to the factors (NTU=10-130, pH=6-10) with a dose of walnut 1-5 ml/L, a dose of oats 5-8 ml/L, a dose of onions 3-6 ml/L. It achieved a removal efficiency (91-99.5%), (97-99.5%)and (97-98.5%) respectively.
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