الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is a group of disorders marked by persistent gastrointestinal clinical manifestations. Dogs with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk of vitamin D, folate and cobalamin deficiency because these micronutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, which is damaged by IBD. In clinical practice, accurate disease assessment and therapy response prediction have become a major difficulty. Furthermore, due to the continuous rise in incidence, simple and cost-effective methods of diagnostic and clinical assessment are urgently required. Because serum biomarkers are non-invasive, easy, and relatively inexpensive compared to indicators in biopsy tissue and other body fluids, they have recently made a significant progress and have been a focus in IBD research.