الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The world continues to rely heavily on oil for primary energy where, the uses for petroleum have expanded to almost every area of life. To meet the rising energy consumption in the world and depletion of conventional hydrocarbon resources, there is a dire need to produce more crude oil so, the oil and gas industry needs new developed techniques called enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for increasing recovery rate and productive index. Enhanced Oil Recovery occurs after all possible oil is pumped out of the ground using traditional methods (Primary and secondary).
Polymer flooding is one of the most widely used EOR methods to retrieve oil left behind after conventional recovery processes where polymers have benefits in enhancing the viscosity of water solution, which in turn reducing the mobility ratio between water and oil, resulting in improvement of sweep efficiency. It has been used for more than 40 years to effectively recover the remaining oil from the reservoir. Polymers from natural sources have been selected because the raw materials are in abundance, readily available, easy to handle, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable. Their rigid structure and long polysaccharides chains make them suitable to withstand the harsh reservoir conditions. In the last few years, increasing interest has been shown in the synthesis of chemically modified polysaccharides through grafting with synthetic vinyl monomers that combine the advantages of both synthetic and natural polymers.
In this study, two biopolymers (xanthan gum and guar gum), have been modified by introducing vinyl monomers and vinyl silane monomer to xanthan gum, guar gum and a mixture of two biopolymers together by free radical emulsion polymerization reaction using potassium persulfate as an initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifier.
The prepared composites have been characterized through different techniques such as FTIR, 1H-NMR, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), while particle size and particle size distribution have been characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and thermal properties characterized by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Rheological properties for the prepared composites have been evaluated at different conditions (concentration, temperature, salinity, shear rate and shear stress) simulated to flooding environment.
After that, the prepared composites were be evaluated for EOR applications through flooding experiments using sandstone packed model. Finally, the feasibility study of the product was be studied.
It was indicated from the rheological analysis that all ten modified components are pseudoplastic fluids, which are preferred for chemical flooding tasks. It was also indicated from this analysis that the five modified composites which contain silica particles have more temperature resistance, salt tolerance, and improved viscosity properties than the five modified composites without silica particles and the modified two biopolymers together (XG-g-GG&AM; XG-g-GG, AM&TEVS) are more stable than both separately. The flooding data assumed that the prepared composites are suitable for EOR techniques where they can withstand the severe reservoir condition and achieve a recovery factor up to 33, 36, 52, 55, 23, 25, 43, 47, 62 and 70% from residual oil by using XG- g-AM&MMA; XG-g-AM&NVP; XG-g-AM, MMA&TEVS; XG-g-AM, NVP&TEVS; GG-g-AM&MMA; GG-g-AM&NVP; GG-g-AM, MMA&TEVS;
GG-g-AM, NVP&TEVS; XG-g-GG&AM; XG-g-GG, AM&TEVS respectively.