الفهرس 
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Abstract
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by dyslipidemia, central obesity and insulin resistance. The present work was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of moringa, rosemary and purslane leaves aqueous extracts on metabolic syndrome induced by feeding rats on high fat-high fructose diet. For that, phenolic compounds in the tested plants aqueous extracts were determined. Fifty adult male albino rats were equally divided into five groups; group (1) normal control rats fed on balanced diet; group (2) metabolic syndrome rats fed on high fat-high fructose diet (HF-HFD); the other three groups were fed on HF-HFD and orally administered by gastric tube 200 mg/kg b.w daily of moringa, rosemary and purslane leaves aqueous extracts, respectively, for 12 weeks.
Through the experiment, the length (from nose to anus) and body weight of rats were measured weekly to monitor the change in body weight and measurement of body mass index (BMI) and Lee index. The blood glucose level was determined the day before scarification after 8 hours fasting using Glucometer. BMI, lee index and the following biochmemical parameters were measured; glucose hemostasis parameters (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and GLP-1), lipid profile (TC, TAGs, LDL-C, HDL-C, FFAs, apo-A1 and apo-B), adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α) and liver function enzymes (ALT, AST and GGT) in serum, mRNA gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in liver, liver oxidative and antioxidative biomarkers (PCC, NO, MDA, GSH, CAT and TAOC) as well as, histopathological examination of liver tissue.
The present results demonstrated that moringa extract is abundant with rutin and apigenin-7-glucoside, rosemary extract is rich with rosmarinic acid and purslane extract included mostly gentisic acid, rutin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and apigenin-7-glucoside. Also, the results revealed that feeding rats with HF-HFD for 12 weeks significantly increased anthropometric measurements, some inflammatory markers and oxidative stress markers and worsen glucose hemostasis parameters, lipids profile, adipokines and endothelial function as compared to Normal Control Group. Moreover, co-administration of the tested plants extracts at the tested dose to HF-HFD fed rats reduced the development of metabolic syndrome indicators when compared to metabolic syndrome group
In conclusion, rosemary extract markedly attenuated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, leptin level, inflammatory markers, protein carbonyl content as well as, hepatic steatosis and enhanced adiponectin level, followed by moringa extract which increased HDL-C and reduced lipid peroxidation and leptin level. Also, purslane extract showed a pronounced hypochloesterolemic, hepatoprotective and vasodilating effects.