الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are annually occurred by rate about one billion cases of illness and millions of deaths among human being. Most zoonotic diseases are reported globally as 60% of emerging infectious diseases. In the last three decades over 30 new human pathogens have been detected, 24 diseases are originated in animals out of 30 new human pathogens
Cattle and buffalo represent the majority of farm animals reared for meat and milk production. Such animals may suffer from some parasitic agents that may affect their live or their production either directly or indirectly.
Direct adverse effects of parasites may include death in heavy infections or untreated animals, retarded growth rates and direct losses due to organ condemnations during meat inspection at slaughtering
The aim of the current study is to estimate the prevalence of parasitic infections in slaughtered animals at abattoir and to evaluate the procedures of slaughtering animals in abattoir.
A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 364 slaughtered large animals were enrolled, including 64 female cattle and buffalo their age above 6 years and 300 males bull and buffalo their age not less than two years and their weight above 400 kilograms, in mechanical abattoir in Abd-El-Kader Area EL-Amerya District - Alexandria Governorate
All slaughtered large animals have been selected for per rectum stool collection and post-mortem inspection. An interview using a pre-designed questionnaire was carried out to collect the necessary data for research.
The data were analyzed using STATA and results of the current study were obtained as follows:
• The total positive cases by all diagnostic techniques (formalin-ether concentration, modified Ziehl–Neelsen method and saturated saline flotation) was 130 (35.7%) out of 364 cases.
• Infection among females were higher than males (39.1% and 35%, respectively) but the statistic differences was insignificant (X2 = 0.379, P= 0.538)
• The infection among buffaloes were significantly higher than cattle’s (49.2% and 20.5%, respectively) (X2 = 32.653, P= 0.000)
• In relation to animal source it was found that; the infection rate among rural animals higher (43.9%) than animal reared in urban areas (26.9%), and the difference was statistically significant (X2 = 11.516, P= 0.001)
• In concern to animal origin, it was revealed that; the infection among imported and mixed animals was significantly lower than those from local origin 25.0%, 14.3%, and 45.6% respectively. (X2 = 17.654, P= 0.000)
• In relation to animal water source, it was found that the parasitic infection among animals with farm supply through canal was higher than those supplied through pipes (44.9% versus 25%) and the statistic difference was highly significant (X2 = 15.6, P= 0.000)
• As regard to animal nutrition, it was found that the animals fed through farm made had higher infection rate than those having commercial feeds and the difference was statistically significant (X2 = 5.163, P= 0.023).
• In relation to presence of dogs in farm, it was associated with insignificant higher infection (X2 = 0.029, P= 0 .865)
• The mixed lung and liver hydatid rate was 8.8% but liver hydatid only was 12.9%.
• In relation to common liver trematode adult worm either Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica was present in low infection rate 2.5% and 1.1 respectively.
• As regard to trachea muscle Sarcocystis the infection rate among enrolled animals in current study was 3.6%.
• It was revealed that all non-modifiable risk factors; animal sex (23.4%) among female, animal species, buffaloes (16.6%), rural animal source, (16.9%) and local animal origin (16.6%), were significantly associated with mixed lung hydatid& liver hydatid infection among large animals. (P= 0 .000)
• The prevalence of mixed lung & liver hydatid infection among large animals were significantly associated with modifiable risk factors namely, canal water source 16.3%, farm made nutrition 26.4%, and presence of dogs 27.3%. (P= 0 .000)
• The prevalence of liver hydatid infection among large animals was significantly associated with all non-modifiable risk factors; animal sex (46.9%) among female, animal species, buffaloes (24.4%), rural animal source, (24.9%) and local animal origin (24.4%).
• The prevalence of liver hydatid infection among large animals showed significant association with all modifiable risk factors 24.0 % of infected animals associated with canal water source, 38.8% with farm made nutrition, and 40.9 % with presence of farm dog.
• The prevalence of liver Fasciola hepatica infection among large animals was significantly associated with non- modifiable risk factors; animal species, cattle (5.3%), urban animal source (5.1%) and animal origin, infection among imported was5.5%, except for animal sex statistic difference was insignificant.
• The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection among large animals showed significant association with all modifiable risk factors 5.4% of infected animals associated with pipped water source, 3.7% with commercial nutrition, except farm dog was not associated with the infection.
• The prevalence of F. gigantica infection among large animals showed insignificant association with all non-modifiable risk factors 2.1% for each factor (animal species, buffaloes, rural animal source, and local animal origin) except animal sex (6.2% in females) differences were significant.
• The prevalence of F. gigantica (adult worm) infection among large animals showed insignificant association with modifiable risk factors; 2% of those watered by irrigation canals were infected, 3.3% for farm made nourished animals, 2.7% associated with presence of farm dogs, but animal nutrition statistic difference was significant.
• The prevalence of trachea muscle Sarcocystis infection among large animals showed significant association with all non-modifiable risk factors; 20.3% among females, about 7% associated with each of the following: buffaloes, rural, locally originated animals. Modifiable risk factors: 6.6 % of animals drinking water from canals were infected, 10.7% of those reared on farm made ration, 11.8 % of infected animals whom in contact with farm dogs.
• The technical requirements of Al-Amerya abattoir were monitored in terms of internal and external building specifications, water sources, lighting, ventilation, environmental sanitation. General health practices and general management practices according to the standard reference requirements were monitored.
• It was found that the slaughterhouse did not meet the specifications in many such requirements, which is directly reflected on the safety of meat in the slaughterhouse. It was also found that the slaughtering steps were missing a lot, such as the absence of a shed to rest the animal for 12 hours before slaughter, and that the steps are not done properly, which lead to the lack of safety of the meat product, that may result in harm to public health.
6.2. Conclusion
•Parasitic infections among large animals represent a risk as it affects more than one third of the slaughtered animals.
•Some modifiable variables may reduce the risk of infection if they are avoided.
•Among the preventive measures of devastating zoonotic diseases are testing and surveillance.
•Parasitic infections were a leading cause of economic loss through impairment of livestock production and condemnation of meat during meat preparations and provoke risk of inspection.
•So, to overcome this problem the mechanical abattoir must apply HACCP system and ISO2200 to predict the hazard critical point during the processing of slaughter. This will help to control the spread of the infection through meat or infected organs to community.
6.3. Recommendations:
For ensuring that the programme for prevention and control of emerging zoonotic infections are sustainable, the country will require to consider the followings while developing the programme:
1-Enhancing political commitment, national planning, and coordination mechanisms.
2-National capacity building and promoting research: building a robust scientific evidence-base for new approaches to control zoonotic diseases in the country.
3-Imported live animals should be investigated either before shipment or directly after arrival.
4-Health education, risk communication and social mobilization.
5-Slaughterhouse personnel, especially the butchers should be made aware of the importance of ethical abattoir practices by organizing public health education program at least once a year through applied HACCP system.
6-The general public should be educated that meat should be cooked thoroughlytly, since a macroscopic inspection may not provide true results.
7-Implementation of primary sanitary programs before adoption of Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points.
8-Condemnation of infected meat and organ during meat inspection must be done under hygienic measures to prevent risk of zoonotic disease.
9-Changing the attitude of the farmers to avoid feeding their dogs with uncooked meat, and the remnants of the abattoir should be burned, to break the infection cycle between the intermediate and the definitive hosts effectively.
10-Applying a parasitic control program among large animals is recommended to alleviate the production losses.
11-Further research implementing hazard analysis critical control points approach is needed to calculate attributable risk.