الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The liver is a vital organ with a wide range of functions that can influence other body organs .Liver plays an important role in regulation of lipid in the body. Excess dietary fat and increased insulin glucose level will increase fatty acids in liver and there for triglycerides leading to its accumulation causing steatosis. The liver is highly susceptible to many diseases due to its significant role primarily in metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Liver disease is a common worldwide public health problem that may result from a variety of hepatic injuries. The most frequent form of liver disease is chronic hepatitis.
Dietary components are essential for the healthy or diseased liver. selected food plants can provide nutritional and medicinal support for liver diseases. Herbal and oil medicinal products are increasingly being used and many of them have shown promising potential for the treatment of liver diseases
Considering the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of a wide range of liver diseases, natural antioxidant products, especially phytochemicals, are widely used in their treatment and nearly half of the agents used in liver therapy today are either natural products or their derivatives.
The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical and biological effects of some mixtures of plant oils and Thymus vulgaris on carbon tetrachloride CCl4 induced changes in liver enzymes of albino rats, and evaluate the effect of mixture between oil and Thymus vulgaris with high and low doses on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in experimental rats.
The study was conducted on 60 rats from male albino rats (Sprague Dawley strain), with average weight of about 130 ± 5g. The rats were divided divided into twelve groups, each with five rats.
• First main Group: negative control group (1) fed on Basal diet diet.
• Second main Group: experimental group, received peritoneal injection with CCL4 in paraffin oil (50% v/v 2 ml/kg) twice per week for 2 weeks to induce chronic damage in the liver tissue and fed on normal diet (control +).Another experimental groups (n = 10/group) were fed a Basal diet diet with different doses from thyme, flaxseed oil and olive oil for 10 weeks. hich were divided into 10 sub-groups.;
• Sub-group (3) fed on Basal diet diet+Thyme (10 % in substitution of fiber
• Sub-group (4) fed on Basal diet diet+Thyme (15% in substitution of fiber
• Sub-group (5) fed on Basal diet diet + Olive oil (7 mg/kg/day)
• Sub-group (6) fed on Basal diet diet + Olive oil (14 mg/kg/day)
• Sub-group (7) fed on Basal diet diet + Flaxseed oil (7 mg/kg/day)
• Sub-group (8) fed on Basal diet diet + Flaxseed oil (14 mg/kg/day)
• Sub-group (9) fed on (Basal diet diet + Thyme (10 %/rat/day) & olive oil (7mg/kg/day)) + CCl4
• Sub-group (10) fed on (Basal diet diet + Thyme (15 %/rat/daily) & olive oil (14mg/kg/day) + CCl4
• Sub-group (11) fed on Basal diet diet + Thyme (10 %/rat/daily) & Flaxseed oil (7 mg/kg/day) + CCl4
• Sub-group (12) fed on Basal diet diet + Thyme (15 %/rat/daily) & Flaxseed oil (14 mg/kg/day) + CCl4
• At the end of experimental period, rats were fasted overnight and anesthetized. Blood samples were collected from the hepatic portal vein into clean, dry centrifugation tube, and serum was separated by centrifugation, 15 minutes at 3000 rpm, at room temperature and kept frozen at -20 ° C until analysis.
Results could be summarized as follows:
Data showed the highest value of anti oxidant in group 12 was record (1.79 0.20) mg/dl followed by group (10).
Thyme was highest in antioxidant percentage compared to olive and fexdeed oils .Antioxidant activity of thyme was reported to be derived mostly from the presence of phenolic compounds, particularly thymol and carvacrol, as the major phenolic active compounds of thyme, were identified and quantified in examined thyme formulations by GC/MS.
Alterations in the liver enzyme (ALT and AST) were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) in all tested groups compared to the control (+)group.The positive control group (+) had a significant increase in serum ALT and AST as compared to negative control group (-) (P ≤ 0.05). Feeding rats on different ratios of thyme, olive and fexdeed oils decreased serum AST and ALT enzymes compared to the positive control group (+).The lowest level were in group (10)&(12).
Kidney function (uric acid, creatinine and urea was statistically lowe from control (-) group compared to the control positive group. It was also noticed that there was a decrease in the mean values of uric acid, urea and creatinine in all tested groups, compared to the control (+) group with other groups.
Triglycerides concentrations were significantly decreased in serum of CCl 4 -treated animals. CCl4 induced a slight decrease in cholesterol levels after administration of high doses of thyme ,olive oil and flaxseed oil.
Result of histopathological to liver:
The liver sections from control (-) group (normal rats fed on Basal diet diet only) showed normal histological structure of the central vein and surrounding hepatocytes in the hepatic parenchyma.There was no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the central vein and surrounding hepatocytes in the parenchyma were recorded in . While in control (+) group of expermentally inducted rats by administraion of CCl4. Focal lipidosis was observed in the hepatic capsule as well as the underlying hepatocytes in the parenchyma associated with necrosis and degenerative changes in the hepatocytes underneath . Sever dilatation and congestion were noticed in the central vein. The portal area showed few fibroblastic cells proliferation .Animals fed on low doses of thyme ,olive and fexdeed oils ,groups 3,6,7,10 reuslt showed focal lipidosis associated with atrophy in the underlying hepatocytes in the parenchyma were recorded . There were oedema and few inflammatory cells infiltration with congestion in the portal vein at the portal area .
Group(12) and (10) experimentally induced rats and treated by high doses .There was no histopathological alteration
Conclusion
High doses of thyme, olive and fexdeed oils could ameliorate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats, suggesting that diet rich in flaxseed oil, olive oil and thyme might be a promising approach in the management of liver diseases.