الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
our results showed that the eye’s retina was different between the various selected vertebrates in this study. The major differences in the retinal layers and the SWS1 opsins between the different adapted eyes of some aves and mammals were determined. The birds also had a bigger eye and thick retinal layers than mammals. The birds had various oil droplets, but they were absent in mammals. The birds had many types of cones more than mammals. There were various neuronal types and massive neural processes’ ramifications in birds than mammals. The SWS1 in both selected birds and mammals was found to be violet sensitive as it had serine residue at site 86. Regarding to the photic adaptation, the current study showed that the retinae that are adapted for diurnal vision possessed multiple features and some intricate neural complexity more than the retinae that are adapted for nocturnal vision. The results revealed that the photoreceptor cells and their specialized structures were the chief indicator of either diurnal or nocturnal adapted vision. The current study also revealed that the diurnal adapted retinae were cone dominant and had variously colored oil droplets, while the nocturnal adapted retinae were rod dominant and had no oil droplets.