الفهرس 
Introduction and RationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bullying in school is a type of violence that has been increasing day after day. It is a serious public health problem that can have a negative impact on the children and adolescents e.g., poor school achievement and mental health problems.
Previous research reported three bullying behaviors mentioned as bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Four basic types of bullying are reported to be most common in early adolescence: physical, verbal, sexual, and cyberbullying. Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. Verbal bullying is using words and statements to gain power and control over a victim. Sexual bullying is any bullying behavior that is based on a person’s sexuality or gender. Cyberbullying is defined as bullying perpetrated intentionally and repeatedly through electronic devices and communication technology, especially the internet, mobile telephones text messaging to cause distress to individuals.
Bullying is prevalent in all societies, aiming to gain high status, dominance, more resources, securing survival and reducing stress.
World health organization (WHO) stated that; frequency of bullying was estimated to be (8-30 %) and it may reach 50% in many studies.
The objectives of our study was to assess the prevalence of bullying among early adolescent school students, Identify different types of bullying among early adolescent school students and Identify the physical and psychological effect of bullying among early adolescent school students.
The study was a cross-sectional study; it was conducted on 350 primary and preparatory school students in Tanta district Gharbia governorate; Egypt. The students were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire about their
socioeconomic standards, involvement in different bullying behaviors, their types, and their psychological effect on the affected students.
In this study a total of 90% of the studied students were involved in bullying practice in the form of bullies (6%), victims (22%), bully-victims (7%), and witnesses (55%). The mean age of the participants was 12.29±1.1 , about 53 % of them were from primary school . About 56 % of involved students were males and 44% were females. About 60% of female students were victims versus 39 % in males, while males were involved more in other bullying behaviors (bully , bully-victim , witness). Physical bullying was significantly more frequent among male students (p-value:0.003) .However, female students were significantly more involved in verbal and cyberbullying (p-value:0.002 &0.001) .
Generally in this study bullying was observed inside & outside the school and on the internet or telephone , there was a significant relationship between gender and bullying place .Bullying was more frequent among male students outside the school ( 31.4% in male students versus 25% in females) however bullying on the internet or telephone was more prevalent among female students (37.1% in female students versus 26.9% in males) (p-value 0.046) .
Regarding defense mechanisms among victims 28.6% of male students defended a soul versus 16% of females. While 19.3% of female students were asking for family help versus 11.4% in males (p-value: .008). Teachers stopped bullying in 58.3 % of male students versus 37.9% of female students, while classmates terminate the bullying attack in 26.4% of female students versus 16% of male students. (p-value: .002) .
On analyzing the psychological effect of bullying, about 94% of female students sometimes avoided going to school to stop bullying versus 73.3% of male students which was statistically significant (p-value: .001). Also, about 69% of male students were always remembering bullying situations versus 50 %
of female students (p-value: .002). The frequency of male students who reported sometimes feeling angry on remembering bullying situations (45%) was significantly higher than female students (31%) .
Since bullying is an important public health problem that has a serious negative impact on children and adolescents, this study was conducted to highlight different types of bullying and associated circumstances among male and females adolescent students.