الفهرس 
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Abstract
1-The Golden Tri Angle represents one of the promising regions for future development in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. It is composed of the area surrounded by Quna Safaga Rd; Qufet - Quser Rd.
2- Extends between Quser and Safaga at the Red Sea, covering a surface area of about 7000km2. The study area is bounded by longitudes 32°42.225’ ; and 33° 11.538 E east and latitudes 26° 39.705 and °26 40.279’ N north.
3- Samples were collected from the study area which extends from the intersection of Sohag –Safaga Highway to 54 km on both sides of the road toward Safaga. The samples collected at the end of October of 2017and field date were collected in site .
4-Thirty-seven soil profiles were selected to cover the study area. Locations of these soil profiles were recorded in the field using the global positioning system (GPS) with maxmim 200cm depth where ever it is possible
5-Water samples will be collected from the available groundwater welles along the Rood. 21 water samples were collected and laboratory tests were performed on them.
6-The study aims to: Evaluate The Land and Water Resources at the area north of the Proposed Golden Triangle, Eastern Desert, Egypt this area will represent the soil properties at the interference zone of the igneous and calcareous sediments
7- Evaluate soils capability and suitability for agricultural use by ASLE program and (Arc GIS 10.7.1)
Data obtained could be summarizing as it follows:
A-The Elevation of the Studied soils
The elevation of the area under study was determined by the GPS the studied soils increased from 207 m to 410 m above sea level (A.S.L) The elevation increases from the interaction of Sohage-Qena-Safaga interaction toward Safaga where the valley ended by the chains of igneous rocks of the Red sea mountain chain.
B-Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
1- The study area characterizes by a coarse texture of sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam. Most of the studied soil samples are sand. The percentage of sand texture samples in the study area is 90.70% while the percentage of samples of loamy sand is 8.14% and sandy loam is only 1.16% of all studied soil samples. Generally, the particle-size distribution results indicate that most of the studied soils have a coarse texture that includes sand, loamy sand and sandy loam.
2- Saturation Percent (SP) of the studied samples varied between 15.3 and 32.9 %, with an average value of 22.7 %. The low values of SP matched the coarse texture of the samples.
3- Bulk density (Db) values of the studied soil profiles range from 1.21 to 1.60 Mg/m3 with an average value of 1.46 Mg/m3 while particle density ranges between 2.40 and 2.69 Mg/m3, with an average value of 2.56 Mg/m3.
4- The pH of the studied soils is shown 30% of soil samples are slightly alkaline (pH 7.4-7.8), 63% of these samples have moderately alkaline (pH 7.9-8.4), and only 7% of samples have are strongly alkaline (pH 8.5-9) indicated the soil pH in the Eastern Desert generally ranged from neutral pH of 7.1 to a moderately alkaline pH of 8.2 .
5- The ECe values of investigated soil change from 1.11 to 81.8 dS m-1, with an average value of 13.87 dS m-1 showed that the soil salinity of the Eastern Desert differed from non-saline to extremely saline.
6- The soluble cations are dominated by sodium (0.21 to 121.6 meq/l) followed by calcium (0.7 and 79.1 meq/l), magnesium (0.2 to 36.8 meq/l), and then potassium (0.02-5.04meq/l) On the other hand, the soluble anions are dominated by chlorides (0.5 to 157.4 meq/l) and sulphates (0.40 to 65.73 meq/l) followed by carbonate and bicarbonates (0.7 and 6.3meq/l).
7- The calcium carbonate content in the studied soils ranges from 0.4% to 38.8% with an average value of 12.2% The surface layer has a relatively higher calcium carbonate content than the subsurface ones in most soil profiles.
8- The organic matter content in the investigated area, in general, is very low which is less than 0.5 % The low content of organic matter in the area is expected due to the poor natural vegetation cover and the prevailing very dry climate
9- Gypsum range between 0.04 to 7.23 %, with an average value of 1.27 % all soil samples that represent all soil profiles all transects have a gypsum content that is less than 5 %.
10- CEC in general ranged between 0.7 and 9.1 cmol (+)/kg, with an average value of 4.55 cmol (+)/kg 100% of soil samples have CEC less than 30 cmol (+)/kg, While, the low value of CEC may due to the coarse texture wich occur in most of the surface layers of the studied area. In most cases, increases in CEC corresponded to increases in clay or silt + clay contents in the studied area.
Available Phosphorus and Potassium
1- The available phosphorus (P) content of these soils vary from 2.8 to 16.3 mg kg-1 with an average level of 6.15 mg kg-1.
2- The availability of potassium is very high80% of samples has enough K+ available for plants. The available potassium increases in the east towards Safaga, due to the domination of igneous rocks which contain feldspar.
C- Quality of groundwater under study for irrigation
1- 90.5 % of groundwater samples were found in the ”slight to moderate” range. Water can be used for salt-tolerant plants on permeable soils with special management practices.
2- The Wilcox diagram showed 28.6 % of the groundwater samples considered as the high salinity-low sodium type of water (C3-S1), 42.86 % considered as high salinity- medium sodium (C3-S2), and 28.6 % of the samples considered as the very high-salinity- medium sodium hazard (C4-S2). Many studies found that the C3–S1 and C3–S2 classes are suitable for irrigating semi-tolerant crops, groundwater is the high-salinity require careful management practices. While the irrigation water is very high-salinity water (C4) is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary condition, but it used for the salt-tolerant plant on soil permeability with special soil management practices.
3- The groundwater under study is located in three regions to the right of the diagram, including three types of cationic-anionic distribution, namely calcium-chloride type, sodium-chloride type, and mixed type (no cation-anion exceed 50%) is presented
D- Land capability evaluation:
The applied system of land evaluation (ASLE) program under the drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. indicate that applying this program indicate that the soils of Sohage- Safaga high way area are considered fair(C3) ,poor(C4) and very poor (C5) with respect of land capability using one of these respective irrigation systems.
Water index in ASLE indicate that applying this program indicate that the waters of Sohage- Safaga high way area are considered Excellent (C1), good waters (C2), fair(C3) ,poor(C4) and very poor (C5) with respect of land capability using one of these respective irrigation systems.
Land Suitability of the Studied Soils for selected Crops
The studied soil profiles have a wide range of suitability namely, suitable (S2), moderately suitable (S3),marginally suitable (S4) and not suitable (currently suitable, NS1 and permanently suitable, NS2) for the selected crops. Similar suitability results of the soils of the study area were recorded using the ASLE program under the drip, sprinkler or surface irrigation system.
Studied soil profiles were evaluated to determine their suitability for growing twenty eight field crops, drawn by GIS (Arc GIS 10.7.1) and reveal that fig , olive , tomato, date palm sugar beet, water melon, barley, sun flower, wheat, cotton, alfalfa, grape, pepper, sorghum, sugarcane and citrus are suitable crops for these soils with S2, S3 and suitability classes, followed by potato, maize ,soya bean, banana, apple rice, onion, , faba been, pea, cabbage, peanut, and pear which are moderately suitable crops for these soils with S3, S4, NS1and NS2 suitability classes.
Conclusions
In this study, the Sohag-Safaga highway in the Eastern Desert was chosen due the scarcity of studies on this part. The low content of organic matter in all soil samples is expected due to the poor natural vegetation cover and the prevailing dry climate in the study area.
Most soil samples had moderately alkaline pH values. The soil salinity in the studied soils varied from non-saline to strongly saline. In a recent study, about 54.7% of the soil samples probably respond to adding phosphate fertilizers because the available P values are 5 - 10 mg kg-1. So, it is recommended the application of organic manure and phosphate fertilizer to the soils under study to improve their fertility.
Our results concluded that The electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater in the study area varied from 769-4210 μS cm-1 with an average of 2059 μS cm-1, about 90.5 % of groundwater samples found in the 700-3000 μS/cm is slight to moderate, while rest groundwater samples are severe EC > 3000 μS/cm is severe according to (Ayers and Westcot 1994). The values of SAR in the area under study varied between 3.37- 10.50 with an average value of 5.34. The SAR values of all the groundwater samples are less than 10, except one sample which had a value of 10.50. The Wilcox diagram revealed 28.6 % of the groundwater samples considered as the high salinity-low sodium type of water (C3-S1), 42.86 % considered as high salinity- medium sodium (C3-S2), and 28.6 % of the samples considered as the very high-salinity- medium sodium hazard (C4-S2).