الفهرس 
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Abstract
Stuttering is the most common fluency disorder. It is characterised by disruption in the forward flow of speech in form of (repetitions, prolongations, blocks, interjections, and revisions) and may be accompanied by secondary behaviors, physical tension, negative reactions, increased avoidance, or decreased overall communication.
Despite many theories about the cause and nature of stuttering, the specific cause of stuttering remains unclear at this time. Over decades, many theoretical perspectives have been proposed to describe the cause and nature of stuttering.
Multifactorial models suggest that more than one factor needs to be present for stuttering to occur. Examples of causal factors include innate e.g., genetic, emotional, cognitive, linguistic, and environmental factors.
Speech occurs as a result of connections between linguistic, cognitive and sensorimotor processes. Neuromuscular control requires complex motor skills and coordinated operation of many systems (respiration, phonation and articulation). It has long been clear that stuttering involves problems in speech motor planning and execution with frank breakdowns in speech motor processes resulting in perceptible dysfluencies varying in duration and form.
One hypothesis that emerges from time to time is that stuttering may be associated with a difficulty in accessing a word. Although difficulties in lexical retrieval are readily recognized as a feature of cluttering, its acknowledgement as a feature of stuttering is controversial and there have been few well-controlled trials to evaluate this possibility.
According to the neuro-psycholinguistic theory, slow retrieval of linguistic frames is one of a number of necessary conditions for stuttering to occur.
Stuttering and WFDs are two types of communication difficulty that occur frequently in children. Children with WFDs have long pauses before speech and this can lead to delays in speech production. WFDs can lead to repetition of whole monosyllable words whilst a child tries to retrieve a word.
The relationship between word finding skills and fluency difficulties, particularly stuttering has been examined. In general, research and clinical reports have reported contrasting results suggesting that some children who have fluency difficulties may have weak word finding skills.
This current study revealed that the majority of children with stuttering who aged above 6.5 years exceeded mild degrees of stuttering. It was found that all of gender, age, IQ and language skills in non-delayed children, as factors, had no effect on the severity of stuttering as measured by SSI test.
A comorbid language disorders such as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) may add to the severity of stuttering. The percentage of comorbid SLI (6.7%) detected in this study was approaching the worldwide prevalence rate reported in children population which is approximately 7-10%.
Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN), Verbal and semantic fluency assessment items in the Modified Arabic Dyslexia Screening Test (MADST) can be used to measure WFD. Verbal fluency seems to be the most difficult task in the assessment battery. WFD effect decreases by age even with the most difficult task.
Motoric tests such as /pae.tae.kae/ and /mae.nae.lae/ repeated 5 times while measuring duration and accuracy were used in order to judge whether WFD results may be attributed to the motoric delays related to the stuttering moments or not. All duration results including those of the motoric tests for stuttering children were significantly deviant than normal.
CWS may experience synchronization problems in transitions between articulators, and may also have problems in motor programming.
This study did not confirm that children with dysfluency have a WFD problem as prevailing phenomenon in their performance. Only a few number (nearly about one fourth) produced poor scores in their word retrieval skills. What may apparently seem to be so in all dysfluency children is nothing but an actual timing problem due to poor motor coordination problems. This delay (that was reflected on some fluency scores) was more apparent as the task increased in severity and was reduced by age. Thus, the WFD disorder may be found, and may explain the pathogenesis of stuttering, in only a small percentage of CWS.