الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work has been planned to investigate the effect of Ag-NPs on selected biochemical parameters of serum, liver tissue and kidney tissue in Clarias gariepinus. This study was carried out also to evaluate the effect of Ag-NPs on the oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme and DNA fragmentation. In addition, this study aimed to highlight the histopathological change to Ag-NPs exposure. Finally, to represent the role of NS in the improvement of these parameters.
Experimental design and investigated parameters:
In the present study 168 catfish (C. gariepinus) were used. 48 fish were used to estimate the (LC50) of Ag-NPs. The other 120 fish were divided into four groups and each group consisted of 3 replicates of 10 fish per aquarium. group I was served as control group. group II served as control group and co- administrated with 3% NS. group III was exposed to 50 mg/L Ag-NPs. group IV was exposed to 50 mg/L Ag-NPs and co- administrated with 3% NS.
After 30 day of treatment, blood samples were collected from the caudal blood vessels. Serum was collected, liver and kidney were rapidly excised for the biochemical and histological studies.
The present work included the following investigations:
- Clinical investigation and post mortem examination
- Serum: Determination of serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, urea creatinine, uric acid, total proteins, Albumin, Globulin, glucose, cortisol, LDH, cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Liver and kidney determination of LPO, GSH, CAT, SOD and TAC content.
- DNA fragmentation analysis.
- Liver and kidney histopathological changes.
The results:
The half lethal concentration (LC50) of Ag-NPs was observed through exposure of catfish (C. gariepinus) was 171.7 mg/L in 96 h.
Clinical behavior and biochemical parameters:
The clinical signs of C. gariepinus associated with toxicity of 50 mg/L Ag-NPs were manifested by nervous signs including abnormal swimming behavior in the form of irregular swimming with or without rove, abnormal skin pigmentation in the form of wilt increase mucous secretion and rapid dill movement. The postmortem findings exposed, different degrees crowding especially in all internal organs of the exposed fish. As well as the enlargement of liver. The biochemical analysis revealed an increase in liver enzymes values (ALP, ALT and AST) in addition to urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin glucose, cortisol, LDH and total lipid levels were also detected in group (III) exposed to 50 mg/L Ag-NPs for 30 days.
Oxidative stress parameters in liver and kidney tissues recorded that:
The exposure of 50mg/L Ag-NPs in African Catfish (C. gariepinus) led to increase in liver and kidney lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase enzyme (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) these compared to control group and treatment group II 3% NS.
DNA in liver and kidney tissues:
The result of exposed 50 mg/L Ag-NPs in liver and kidney DNA damage increase in exposed Ag-NPs group III compare to control group and treatment group II with 3% NS.
The most observed histopathological alterations included:
-Liver: Hepatocytes with hydropic degeneration, portal tract showing inflammatory cellular infiltrate, mild fibrosis, interface hepatitis and shows multiple foci of spotty necrosis.
-Kidney: alternation in glomeruli with inflammatory, degenerative change of renal tubules and showed inflammatory cellular infiltrate.
Conclusion:
Feeding of C. gariepinus on a NS enriched diet minimized the side effects of Ag-NPs toxicity and improve the above- mentioned variable near to the control group. The current study has revealed that dietary NS has good effect against Ag-NPs toxicity in African catfish (C. gariepinus).