الفهرس 
MATERIALS AND METHODSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The irrigation process is one of the most important and dangerous agricultural operations. It provides the plant with its water requirements, and nutrition. On the other hand, the irrigation process consumes the largest amount of available fresh water. Surface irrigation system is used spreadly in Nile Delta and old valley lands, Egypt, until now it consumes about 80% of irrigation water resources in Egypt. It is useful to prevent seawater from seeping into the groundwater of agricultural lands, so it protects these lands from the risk of salinization. Generally, it is possible to use some modified systems to preserve the benefits of surface irrigation system, and achieving the goal of saving water.
The improved surface irrigation system is one of the systems that have been implemented in separate areas in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Many previous studies have been based on comparing the performance of this improved system with the traditional irrigation system.
These study variables included two surface irrigation forms of (Traditional Marwa ”TM” (Change unlined Marwa) and improved Marwa ”IM” (Change lined Marwa)) under two soil leveling slopes ”S”; zero leveling ”S1”, and laser leveling at 3% ”S2”. To achieve the objective of the study, the Fayoum area was chosen, in which irrigation is done directly from the Nile without the need for auxiliary equipment to raise the water from the marwa to the fields.
The experimental site was Biahmu village, Al-Falih distribution channel, on the 29.38 45’ 36” latitudes and 30.85 06’ 16” longitudes in Senoras area, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. There are two successful growing seasons (2018/2020), wheat as a winter crop followed by maize as a summer crop.
The experiment was designed to include the following variables of:
1- Two types of marwas: the traditional, the improved
2- Two soil laser leveling slopes: (zero% - 3 %).
3- Two crops: wheat - maize
Experiments were carried out in split plots designing with three replicates. It was taken into account that all the areas were selected under study,planted simulatunusly and served uniformly according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture when planting crops in the area of the experiment.
The studied marwa types were plotted as main plots, and soil slopes were plotted as sub-main plots, with three replicates. Then the treatments under study include; 3 replications x 2 marwas type x 2 laser soil leveling slopes = 12 experiments during two successful growing seasons (2018 / 2020) for wheat as a winter crop and maize as a summer crop.
Measurements were made on soil, marwa, water, and crop to get the extent of land savings, irrigation efficiencies, and crop productivity.
The most important results obtained were:
1- Land losses area for improved marwa about (49.46%) compared of the traditional marwa.
2- Decreasing the roughness coefficient of the improved marwa walls by about (75.23%), which helped increase the water velocity of about (0.26 m.sec-1) compared to the traditional marwa system (0.14 m.sec 1).
3- The use of improved marwa (lined) increased the irrigation efficiencies as follows:
A- The was water conveyance efficiency (83.17, 85.5%) for the wheat and maize crops, respectively.
B- The water application efficiency of the added water increased by (11.5, 7.68%) for wheat crop and by (17.68, 9.48%) for maize crop in the lands where the marwa was improved marwa for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively.
C- The water storage efficiency increased by (1%) for 0% leveling slope and decreased by (1.93%) for 3% leveling slope for wheat crop in the lands where the marwa was improved, while water storage efficiency decreased by (7.2, 5.81%) for maize crop In the lands where the marwa was improved for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively.
D- The overall water efficiency increased by (31.14, 24.51%) for wheat crop and (33.68, 31.86%) for maize crop in the lands where the marwa was improved for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively.
4- The total applied water decreased by (104.34, 179.6 m3 fed-1) for the wheat crop for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively, and the total applied water decreased by (188 m3 fed-1) for zero% leveling slope of and increased by (118 m3 fed-1) for 3% soil leveling slopes for the maize crop in the lands where the marwa was improved.
5- The yield productivity of wheat crop increased by (735, 828 kg fed-1) and maize crop by (744, 610 kg fed-1) in the lands where the marwa was improved for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively.
6- The irrigation water productivity for wheat crop increased by (0.39, 0.62 kg fed-1) and by (0.29, 0.6 kg fed-1) for maize crop in the lands where the marwa was improved for zero and 3% soil leveling slopes, respectively.
7- The advanced time (minutes) decreased were (50, 50.77, 27.6, 20.75, 17.17%) and (30.9, 40.51, 22.8, 10.89, 7.5%) for wheat crop. While, the advance time (min) decreased were (44.33, 48.62, 27.1, 20.36, 16.33%, (22.05, 39.89, 21.9, 10.50 and 6.07%) for maize crop in the lands where the marwa was improved.
from the above, the study recommended can that:
1- Generalizing the improved surface irrigation system by lined field irrigation because of its effective impact on providing the land due to the limited area of the waterway, which is not affected by external factors by the increase in the area for several years.
2- Following up the maintenance of these irrigations periodically.
3- Preserving the quality of the filds and maintaining it by following the laser leveling system every few years because of its importance in rationalizing irrigation water use.