الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
This case-controlled study aimed to assess serum and semen level of Galactin-1 in azoospermic patients.
Overall, 100 men were allocated into:-
Fertile normozoospermic men (n=50).
Infertile azoospermic men(n=50).
Inclusion criteria: obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermic men with normal karyotyping.
Exclusion criteria: abnormal karyotyping, varicocele, leukocytospermia , smoker and drug addicts .
They were subjected to :
1-History taking .
2- General and clinical examination .
3-Semen analysis according to WHO guidelines(2010).
4-estimation of serum and semen galactin-1 by R&D Systems (bio-techne) kits ,minneopolis , USA & Canada).
The results were as follows:
1-The mean seminal plasma galactin-1 was higher in cases than in controls and there was statistical difference found.
2-The mean of galactin-1 in serum showed no statistical difference between cases and controls.
3-There was a statistical negative correlation between Johnson’s score and the level of galactin-1 in semen
4-There was non- significant positive correlation between jonson’s score and the level of galactin-1in serum.
5- There was non-significant negative correlation between age and galactin-1 in serum and semen.
Conclusion
it can be concluded from this study that increased seminal Gal-1 is associated with azospermia and it’s correlation with the severity of azoospermia according to jonson’s score.
Recommendations
Further studies of semen and serum galactin-1 are needed to determine its relation to azoospermia on larger samples and long follow up period .