الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to assess Counterfeit Situation of Pesticides in Egypt, through investigating and monitoring the counterfeit pesticides widely used in Egypt. And that was done by studying and analyzing different pesticide Formulations (9 active ingredients) collected from different represented regions from the Egyptian market, namely (abamectin, acetamiprid, azoxystropine, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, difenoconazole and dimethoate).
The labels of the packages of these pesticides were checked to detect their compliance with the data according to the official form, and the samples were analyzed by HPLC and GC to determine the percentage of the active substance and its conformity with the percentage declared on the label for each product. On the other hand, GC-MS and FTIR devices were used to determine the fingerprint of each pesticide and to indicate there are other active ingredients in the contents of the product. Also, the physico-chemical properties of these samples were determined before and after storage by following the international standard methods according to the type of formulation where (emulsification, Suspensibility, wettability) were tested.
The survey was conducted through a questionnaire that was prepared by suitable method for three categories representing farmers, traders, and researchers from university professors and research institutes specialized in the field of plant protection. In the survey, 100 questionnaires were used for each category. The questionnaire was prepared by assembling each group of questions that serve the same purpose in one axis, and each type of questionnaire was divided into several axes, and the results were extracted from the responses received from each category and presented in tables especially and statistically analyzed by suitable method.
The results obtained from the aforementioned tests and questionnaires can be summarized as follows:
First: the status of the targeted pesticide formulations.
1- Abamectin formulations.
Seven samples of Abamectin formulations (obtained from the Department of Pesticides Control – Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center), the results showed that,
A- three samples were not registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee thus representing 42.86% of the total tested samples. The non-registered products are Komaktin Gold Plus, Super Vertimic and Abamectine Strela. Three samples have registration number as other formulations already registered in Ministry of Agriculture which are Abamectin Super, Farmactine and Abamectin power. The last product (Tinam) has the correct registration number (no.1391) and it is the same number used to register it in Ministry of agriculture.
B- The percentage of the active ingredient in 5 samples was less than the acceptable limits, which were (Abamectin super, Komaktin Gold Plus, Abamectin Power, Super vertimic and Abamectine strela) active ingredient content was 1.416, 0.64, 1.01, 0.2 and 0.12% respectively. One sample (Farmactine) didn’t contain Abamectin, and the sample (Tinam) was within the acceptable limits (1.53%).
C- The results of the analysis using LC-MS to detect the active ingredient (Abamectin) indicated that all samples contained abamectin by differ ratio between the molecular weight 859 and 873.
D- The data of analysis using GC-MS to determine the presence of any other active substances inside the samples showed that Abamectin Super sample contains (Lambda cyhalothrin at R.t. 29.512 min), Farmactine sample contains (Fenpropathrin at R.t. 28.634 min), Abamectin Power sample contains (Diazinon at R.t. 16.088 min and Cypermethrin at R.t. 26.554 min) and Super Vertimic sample contains (Fenpropathrin at R.t. 23.916 min and Lambda cyhalothrin at R.t. 34.85 min). Three products Komaktin Gold Plus, Tinam and Abamectine Strela didn’t contain other active ingredients.
E- The results of the emulsification test before and after storage showed that there are 4 identical samples (Abamectin super, Farmactine, Abamectin Power and Tinam) showed good emulsion characteristics before and after storage. Super vertimic and Abamectine strela samples showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage. Komaktin Gold Plus showed good emulsification before storage but poor emulsion characteristics after storage.
2- Acetamiprid formulations.
Four samples of Acetamipirid preparations were collected (obtained from the Department of Pesticides Control – Central Agricultural Laboratory of Pesticides - Agricultural Research Center) and the results obtained showed the following:
A- Three samples were not registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee thus representing 75% of the total tested samples. The non-registered products are Mospilan 25% SP, Acetaplan 25% SP production date (1/5/2016) and Acetaplan 25% SP production date (20/1/2015). The last product (Mospilan 20%) has the same registration number of the correct one (no. 959).
B- The percentage of the active ingredient in all samples was less than the acceptable limits, The samples were [Mospilan 20% SP, Mospilan 25% SP, Acetaplan 25% SP production date (1/5/2016) and Acetaplan 25% SP production date (20/1/2015)] active ingredient content was 12.92, 9.1, 0.563 and 0.64% respectively.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that Mospilan 20% SP sample contains (Cyclododecane at R.t. 12.09 min), Mospilan 25% SP sample contains (Lambda cyhalothrin at R.t. 24.64 min Deltamethrin at R.t. 28.287 min), Acetaplan 25% SP production date (1/5/2016) sample didn’t contain other active ingredients and Acetaplan 25% SP production date (20/1/2015) sample contains (Malathion at R.t. 22.951 min).
D- The wettability test was identical before and after storage in all samples under study.
3- Azoxystrobin formulations.
A- One expired sample of Azoxystrobin was collected from (Giza Governorate). The results obtained from examining the packaging data and the label showed that the sample is registered through the Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee (No. 1846), but it is an expired sample.
B - The percentage of the active ingredient in the sample was less than the acceptable limits, and the sample content of the active ingredient was 20.9%.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that Sardo sample 25% SC was found to contain (Difenoconazole at R.t. 27.96 min).
D- The results of the wettability test indicated that the sample showed good wettability properties before and after storage.
4- Carbendazim formulations.
A- One sample of Carbendazim was collected from (Giza Governorate). It was found that the sample is not registered through the Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee, but this sample bears the same Arabic name for a sample registered with No. (1113).
B- It was found that the sample did not contain an active ingredient (Carbendazim), and that it did not contain any 2,3-diaminophenazine, 2-amino-3-hydroxyphenazine.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that the sample does not contain Carbendazim or any other active ingredients. On the other hand, the wettability test and susceptibility indicated that the formulation is identical before and after storage.
5- Chlorpyrifos formulations.
Two samples of Chlorpyrifos formulations were collected (obtained from the Department of Pesticides Control – Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center).
A- The Examination of recorded data on labels of Chlorpyrifos formulations chlorofos (EC 48%) and Ictafos (EC 48%) indicated that the samples are registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee (Reg.no. 1030) and (Reg.no. 1144) respectively, But they are Expired samples.
B- The percentage of the active ingredient in one sample (Ictafos) was less than the acceptable limits 44.295% and the sample (Chlorofos) was within the acceptable limits 50.355%. All samples were within the acceptable limits in content of Sulfotep 0.158 and 0.573 g/kg in Chlorofos and Ictafos respectively.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that Chlorofos sample didn’t contain other active ingredients and Ictafos sample contains (Malathion at R.t. 18.374 min).
D- The results of physical properties of formulations were determined through emulsion characteristic test the results indicated that one sample Chlorofos showed good emulsification characteristics before and after storage. Ictafos showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage.
6- Cypermethrin formulations.
Two samples of cypermethrin formulations were collected (obtained from the Pesticide Control Department - Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center).
A- The examination of recorded data on labels of Cypermethrin formulations showed that cyperkill (EC 10%) and cempsh (EC 10%) are not registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee.
B- The percentage of the active ingredient in all samples was less than the acceptable limits. The samples were (Cyperkill & Cempsh) active ingredient content was 4.96, 0.934% respectively.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that Cyperkill sample didn’t contain other active ingredients but in R.T. 9.672 min appeared (1- methyl naphthalene). Cempsh sample didn’t contain cypermethrin or any active ingredients.
D- Emulsification test results showed that all samples were non-conforming, and (Cyperkill & Cempsh) showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage (Volume of Cream separator is more than 2 ml ).
7- Diazinon formulations.
Two samples of Diazinon preparations (obtained from the Department of Pesticides Control - Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center) were collected.
A- The examination of recorded data on labels of two Diazinon formulations showed that (diazinon EC 60% and dozion EC 60%) indicated that all samples are not registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee.
B- All samples under study (diazinon and dozion) didn’t contain any active ingredient (Diazinon). All samples were within the acceptable limits in content of monosulfotep were 0.034 and 0.0118 g/kg, The content of Sulfotep were 0.0105 and 0.0417 g/kg in diazinon and dozion respectively.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that all samples didn’t contain any active ingredient (diazinon). Diazinon sample contain (Lambdacyhalothrin at R.t. 24.836 min), Dozion sample didn’t contain other active ingredients.
D- Emulsification test results showed that all samples were non-conforming, and (diazinon and dozion) showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage (Volume of Cream separator is more than 2 ml ).
8- Difenconazole formulations.
One sample of Difenoconazole (obtained from Pesticide Control Department - Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center) was collected.
A-The examination of recorded data on label of Difenoconazole formulation (Score EC 25%) don’t have registration number, but the same sample name (Score EC 25%) is registered through Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee (Reg.no. 945).
B- The percentage of the active ingredient in sample was less than the acceptable limits. active ingredient content was 0.193%.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that Difenoconazole didn’t appear in Score 25% EC sample and this sample didn’t contain other active ingredients.
D- Emulsification test results showed that sample was non-conforming, and sample under testing showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage.
9- Dimethoate formulations.
Three samples of Dimethoate preparations were collected (obtained from Pesticide Control Department - Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory - Agricultural Research Center).
A- The results obtained from examining the data of packages and labels showed that the sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 28) is not registered through the Egyptian Agricultural Pesticides Committee, and the sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 27) had the same registration number as another sample (Mancoxyl WP). 72%) and registered in the Ministry of Agriculture with No. (1478), and the sample (Nasr thoate) has the same correct registration number (759).
B- It was found that one sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 28) does not contain an active ingresient (Dimethoate), while the rest of samples (Dimethoate EC40 code 27), (Nasr thoate) contain an active ingredient less than the acceptable limits and the percentage are 1.66, 0.65 %, respectively. All samples did not contain an isodimethoate impurity specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization, while two samples contained an impurity of Omethoate. The content of Omethoate was 16.375 and 14.527 g/kg in the samples (Dimethoate EC40 code 27) and (Nasr thoate) respectively.
C- The data of analysis using GC-MS showed that the sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 28) did not contain any active ingredient, while (Dimethoate) contained (Chlorpyrifos at 29.313 minutes), and the sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 27) contained (Lambdacyhalothrin at 18.497 minutes), and no sample ( Nasr thoate) contains any other active ingredients.
D- Emulsification test results showed that the samples (Dimethoate EC40 code 28) (Nasr thoate) were non-conforming, and they showed poor emulsification characteristics before and after storage (Volume of Cream separator is more than 2 ml ), while the sample (Dimethoate EC40 code 27) showed Good emulsification characteristics before and after storage.
Second: Analyzing the results of the questionnaire responses.
A- The answers of about 90% of the total surveyed groups indicated that the reasons for the spread of the phenomenon of pesticides adulteration in Egypt are due to
• The weakness of the control level
• Selling in unlicensed stores
• The lack of farmers knowledge about different pesticides
And about the effects caused by pesticides adulteration :
b- About 63% of the total surveyed groups decided that generic pesticides lead to the deterioration of the agricultural environment, 56% indicated that they cause the deterioration of the pesticide industry in Egypt, and 59% of the respondents also decided the economic damage to farmers, the deterioration of the health of consumers, farms and animals.