الفهرس 
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Abstract
Worldwide heritage buildings are buildings of historical, symbolic, artistic, architectural, or social value. This building must be characterized by the acceptance of society, cultural, and social phenomena, steadfastness, and continuity. In this master’s thesis, the concrete heritage buildings are improved. In terms of the importance of nanotechnology to concrete, this research was initiated in order to investigate the application use of nanotechnology to improve the restoration of heritage buildings. Nanotechnology is usually defined by the understanding, controlling, and restructuring of the material inside the scale of nanometers to create material with new characteristics and functions, so it is able to produce a brand new technology of concrete that is stronger and more durable.
1) Literature in heritage buildings is analyzed. Recent research work in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterial and the properties of fresh and hardened concrete are reviewed.
2) New technique in the manufacture of nanomaterial using thermal method, checked nanoparticles by TEM, to know the quality of nanomaterial and how to mix in concrete to reach high efficiency, is presented.
3) Experimental work is conducted using nanomaterials to be added to concrete and their mechanical properties are tested. The experimental work program of this thesis includes three parts:
A- nano-kaoline, produced by the Researcher, using three ratios (NK),
B- nano-calcium, produced by the Researcher, using three ratios (NCa),
C- Hybrid nanoparticles (NK and NCa) using two ratios.
In each part, concrete was mixed with different percentages of nanoparticles. Dispersion technique was applied for mixing nanoparticles (sonication).
Experimental investigations were carried out to test materials, fresh concrete (slump), and hardened concrete (cubes for compression, depth of penetration of water under pressure). Test program consists of nine concrete mixes planned to achieve the research objectives, and then the surface of concrete is checked by SEM.
4) Egyptian Engineers Syndicate building is taken as a simulation model for heritage buildings to explain restoration and show a feasibility study to the cost of the usage of nanomaterials in restoring buildings.
Data regarding samples are assembled and analyzed.
5) Results are obtained, analyzed, and represented on graphs to relate the different variables.
The results and graphs are discussed and the following is observed from the results:
1- Mix containing (NK1,HN2) gives best compressive strength results.
2- Mix containing (C0) gives lowest compressive strength results.
3- Mix containing (NK1) gives best water permeability results.
4- Mix containing (NCa2) gives lowest water permeability results.
6) Conclusions are deduced and recommendations, regarding the future research, are suggested.