الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cancer is defined as a non-pathogenic division of cells,
and it can happen in any part of the body, cancer cells can move
from their main place in the body to other places in it. The
percentage of tumours that occur in epithelial tissue is estimated at
about 85%, and it is known as ”carcinoma”. As for the types that
occur in mesoderms such as bone and muscles, it is known as
”sarcoma”. Each type of cancer differs from others according to its
origin i.e. the skin cancer differs in its appearance and properties
from lung cancer.
Cancer is ranked as the second diseases all over the world,
as it is considered one of the most important causes of death
globally, according to the classification of the World Health
Organization and the number of deaths continues to increase year
after year. Therefore, efforts are constantly being made at the
global level to reduce mortality.
There are many types of cancer and their number exceeds
one hundred. The most important types of cancer common in
males in Egypt are liver cancer, bladder, lung, blood, and prostate,
while females are breast cancer, liver, blood, ovary and colon.
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Among the risk factors that accelerate the incidence of
cancer: smoking, fast food, cases of viral and microbial infections,
obesity, environmental pollutants, and lack of physical activity.
Such factors damage genes or interfere with genetic changes
within cells, causing carcinogenic mutations.
The used chemotherapy is one of the most popular
cancer treatments because it kills cancer cells, but it
causes negative effects on other parts of the body, such as the
digestive system, bone marrow, and hair follicles, because these
parts contain permanently divided cells. Because of the high
toxicity and the high cost of common chemical drugs, the need is
necessary to search for new alterative compounds that are less
toxic, more effective, and less expensive, to prevent cancer and
treatment.
Therefore, the aim of thinking in this study was to search
for natural sources for effective substances that have anti-tumour
activity and are not expensive and have no side effects. The choice
was for non-edible parts of some edible plants that are usually
destined to the trash and may cause environmental problems in the
event of failure dispose of them in a correct way, as they may rot
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and become a fertile medium for the growth of fungi and bacteria
and attract insects, rodents, and others.
The immediate goal is to deal with some non-edible parts
of some edible plants in an accurate scientific way, to extract some
of the effective extracts contained in them, and tested them
cytotoxicity on cancer cells outside and inside the body in the
hope of achieving positive results in the treatment of cancerous
tumours with effective natural materials, safe and inexpensive
aiding in treatment.
The scientific study was divided into two parts.
1. An in-vitro study. Testing of these extracts on monolayer human
tumour cell lines including Liver carcinoma (HEPG2), Prostate
adenocarcinoma (PC3), Brest adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and
Colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) in addition to normal human
epithelial cell line (RPE1).
The study also included three-dimensional, multi-layered spherical
models consisting of cancer cells for only two lines, the breast and
the colon, due to the difficulty in obtaining this model from the
other two lines (liver and prostate).
2. An in-vivo study was done on some mice in which the cancerous
tumour was introduced by injecting it with cancer cells C26, and
following the tumour in these mice, after injecting it with the most
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effective plant extract, to find out the extent of the impact of this
on tumour .
For laboratory experiments, the following was done:
Non-edible parts such as leaves, seeds, and peels of
eighteen plants (fruits and vegetables) were collected from plants
common in Egypt. The leaves are collected from three plants:
cauliflower, Beet, and Turnip.
The seeds were from five other plants: Kurrat, Parsley,
Spinach, Chicory and Apricot.
As for the peels, they were obtained from ten plants:
Mango, Golden berry, Pomegranate, Taro, Okra, Figs, Tangerine,
pea, Avocado and Banana.
The plant extracts were prepared from leaves and peels by
drying it to get rid of the water content, then grinding the dry
samples, and soaking them in methyl alcohol overnight, and the
alcohol was then eliminated by evaporation. As for the seeds, they
are soaked in hexane overnight to extract the essential oils
contained in these seeds. Then the hexane was vaporized, and the
same seeds were left for three days to dry, then soaked in methyl
alcohol. To prepare the extract for use, 10 mg of it was dissolved
in 5 ml of DMSO.
Primary screening
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The cytotoxic effect of the different extracts was
determined for each extract separately on the previous five cell
lines using MTT technique (Mosmann,1983).
In this technique, the cancer cells were preserved with each extract
at a concentration of 100 μg/ ml for a period of 72 hours (in the
form of triplicates). The results of this examination resulted in the
following:
Cancer breast cells (MCF7):
Nine extracts from the eighteen alcoholic extracts showed
high cytotoxicity, the value ranged between (62.43% -97.3%).
These extracts were from Golden berry, Kurrat, Avocado, Parsley,
Mango, Pea, Spinach, Beets, and Chicory. As for the other nine
extracts, they were of low toxicity, and their value was (27% -
49.5%).
As for the hexane extract, the cytotoxicity of the spinach
and chicory was 74.11%, 54.04%, respectively, 44.4% for the
parsley.
Cancer colon cells (HCT116):
Seven of the alcoholic extracts showed high cytotoxicity,
ranged between (60.65%-99.1%). These extracts included the
plants of Kurrat, Avocado, Golden berry, Mango, Pea, Turnip, and
Spinach. The eleven remaining extracts, their cytotoxicity values
were low between (0-45.5%).
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In the case of hexane extracts, the cytotoxicity of Spinach, Parsley,
and Chicory was 96.6%, 57.03%, and 6.98%, respectively.
Cancer liver cells (HEPG2):
Only three of the eighteen alcoholic extracts were of
significant cellular toxicity to liver cancerous cells, and toxicity
ranged between (75.74% -99.8%). These extracts were from
Avocado, Kurrat and Golden berry. As the percentage of dead
cells reached 99.8% when treated with Avocado extract, 99.5%
with extract of Kurrat. In the case of Golden berry plant extract,
the value was 75.4%. As for the remaining alcoholic extracts,
numbering fifteen, the percentage of dead cancerous liver cells
was low, with the ranging extracts (zero-39.73%).
In the case of hexane extracts, the rate of dead cells was
significantly high when treated with Spinach extract, and it was
significantly reduced in Chicory and Parsley, where the values
reached 86.9%, 10.28%, and 8.11%, respectively.
Cancer prostate cells (PC3):
Only four alcoholic extracts showed a toxic cellular
activity on prostate cancer cells, and the values ranged between
(68.04% -99.06%). These extracts were from Avocado, Kurrat,
Chicory, and Golden berry and recorded the highest value of
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Avocado extract and the lowest value of the Golden berry extract.
The remaining fourteen extracts showed low cellular toxicity, as
their value ranged between (zero - 42.3%).
As for hexane extracts, the cellular toxicity of Spinach
extract was 85.28%, and the Chicory plant was zero, while the
Parsley was 27.16%.
secondary screening
In this examination, the focus was on promising extracts
(ten extracts), i.e. which showed a high value of cytotoxicity from
50% to 100% on cancer cells which mentioned before. The (IC50)
(Mosmann,1983) was determined for each extract separately, and
the results were as follows:
Cancer breast cells (MCF7):
The IC50 value ranged from 4.49 to 8 μg / ml for alcoholic
extracts. One of the strongest effects on cancerous cells was the
extract of the Golden berry and Avocado, as the IC50 value for the
first plant reached 4.49 μg / ml and for the second 6.43 μg / ml.
Kurrat extract ranked third with a value of 41.11 μg / ml. For
hexane extract, the IC50 of Spinach was 49.58 μg / ml.
Cancer colon cells (HCT116):
The IC50 value of the alcoholic extract of Avocado was
the lowest (8.9 μg / ml), then the Golden berry (23.7 μg / ml) and
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then Kurrat (40.6 μg / ml). In the case of hexane extracts the IC50
was for Spinach (51.8 μg / ml) and for Parsley (80.9 μg / ml).