الفهرس 
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Abstract
The work recorded in this thesis affords possibilities in techniques of waste immobilization utilizing pyrolysis of animal bones (Bone charcoal, BC) and Rice Husk (activated carbon, RHAC) as well as an opportunity to study a new technique, combination of adsorption and advanced oxidation process (AOP) to remove the nitro-organic compounds (e.g. trinitrotoluene (-TNT), dinitrotoluene (DNT) and nitrobenzene (NB) from industrial waste water obtained from a TNT manufacturing plant in Abu-Zaabal company for specialty chemicals
The thesis is divided into three chapters
Chapter 1 : An introduction describes a literature survey on the treatment methods for the remediation of nitro-organic compounds (e.g. chemical reduction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, adsorption and advanced oxidation process (AOP), also this chapter include theory of adsorption, mechanism of adsorption, adsorption isotherm, factors influencing adsorption (e.g. nature of the adsorbent, nature of the adsorbate, pH and temperature
Chapter 2: The experimental part is given in this chapter where the physicochemical techniques used for preparation and characterization of the adsorbents “Bone charcoal (BC)” and “Activated carbon (RHAC)” in this study are given in order to gain better insight into the structure of RHAC and BC, infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis have been studied. The surface area of the AC and BC calculated from N2-gas adsorption using the BET-equation.
RHAC is a mixture of hydroxy, carboxy and nitrogen compounds with 37% C, 37% O and 20.5% ash while BC is a mixture of many chemical components (oxides, phosphates, etc) with 10.3% C and 78.0% Ca3(PO4)2 according to infrared spectroscopic data, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis.
The surface area of the (RHAC) and (BC) is 100 m2/g and 72.9 m2/g and pH of (RHAC) and (BC) suspended in water at 25 1C is 2.15 and 8.2.
The potentiality of the RHAC and BC for adsorption of some organic pollutants was investigated using UV-spectrophotometer. The UV-vis spectrophotometric data were used to notice trends on organic removal or accumulation, based on the comparison of absorption intensities for raw and treated water samples at different wavelength (200 nm representing an abundance of aromatic compounds content of the TNT red water, 362 nm (the unknown byproducts) also the raw red water contains some unknown organic pollutants which absorbed at 346, 432 and 488 nm.
The adsorption isotherms were carried out for all known and unknown organic pollutants which absorbed at max 200, 346, 362, 432 and 488 nm.
The potentiality of the mixed (BC and RHAC) has been made with a choice the best conditions (e.g. equilibrium time, carbon dosage and pH) of each carbon separately to remove the organic pollutants which are not adsorbed on (BC) or (RHAC) separately.
It was necessary to examine the mixed carbons as a sorbent material for removing inorganic contaminants. Thus Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were examined. Analysis of different inorganic contaminants in these experiments was carried out using inductive coupled plasma (ICP).
Finally, the advanced oxidation process (AOP) was used as a promising technique to remediating nitro organic compounds contamination TNT red water which are not adsorbed on the mixed carbons effluents samples were analyzed using total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and UV-spectrophotometer at max 200, 346, 362, 432 and 488 nm.
Chapter 3: It describes the results and discussion of the experimental work. This chapter is divided into three parts as follows:
The first part of the results and discussion, the sorption behavior of the nitro organic compounds, that is commonly found in the polluted raw red water are studied by the adsorbents.
The first section is devoted to the uptake of these organic pollutants by the (RHAC) depending on abundance in absorption of aromatic compounds basis using UV-spectrophotometry.
In this concern, factors affecting adsorption using (RHAC) are studied (e.g. equilibrium time, amount of adsorbent and pH), uptake studies illustrated that most of the organic solutes removed from aqueous solution by the AC within 6 hours, pH 10 and 3 g / L from diluted wastewater (1:100).
The second sections devoted to the uptake of the organic pollutant, by the (BC) depending on abundance in absorption of aromatic compounds basis using UV-spectrophotometry.
In this concern, factors affecting adsorption using (BC) are studied (e.g. equilibrium time, amount of adsorbent and pH)
Uptake studies illustrated that most of the organic solute removed from aqueous solution by BC within 6 hours, 1.4 gm. and pH 2.
Section three is devoted to the adsorption isotherm of the nitro organic compounds using RHAC and BC separately. The adsorbed molecules on RHAC and BC are most likely to be adsorbed flat and the qo of RHAC and BC at 200 nm is 181.8 and 5.6 mg/g, the data conform to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Second part, first section shows the adsorption of nitro-organic compounds using the mixed carbons (RHAC and BC) simultaneously. In this concern, factors affecting adsorption using mixed carbon (RHAC and BC) are investigated thoroughly. Uptake studies illustrated that most of the nitro-organic compounds removed from aqueous solution by the mixed carbon (BC and RHAC) simultaneously within 12 hours, pH 2 and (20 g BC + 5 g RHAC) from diluted waste water (1:100).
Second section shows the adsorption of some inorganic contaminants on the mixed carbon (RHAC + BC) at optimum condition. It was illustrated that the percent removal of Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ is 90, 85, 95, 72, 67 respectively.
Third part. The mixed carbons (RHAC and BC) were used for treatment of certain waste water effluents. In the batch scale, it is found that the (RHAC and BC) simultaneously amount decreased the total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) level to some extent. So the advanced oxidation process (AOP) is carried out to fulfill the lowest possible levels of TOC and COD. The factors affecting oxidation process are studied as H2O2 amount and UV-exposure time. After the treatment of nitro organic compounds (red water) by adsorption on mixing carbon (RHAC + BC) followed by AOP, the percent removal by total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 95.7 and 97. A recommended procedure for treatment of waste water samples under investigations was developed to fulfill a lowest level of TOC 15 mg/L and COD 16 mg/L. this level allows the treated water to pass into rivers without any risk on the health man.