الفهرس 
INTRODUCCI?NOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
At the beginning of the 1950s, the translation activity was in full swing, and there was a growing need to provide certain theoretical bases to a linguistic activity that was gaining more and more importance. Likewise, there was an interest in analyzing and contrasting languages, in extracting common features and establishing differences. This is how Contrastive Linguistics was born, which aims to deepen the comparison of linguistic mechanisms through systematic comparisons.
And as is well known, the difficulties involved in translating do not come from the adequate management of two grammatical or lexical codes but from something much more complex. Contrasting two languages, from the translator approach, is comparing two different ways of perceiving and reflecting the world.
As a result of this, the present work arose, which is based on the contrastive study of cultural references and translation problems, which are applied to the novel by Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo and translated into Arabic.
It is worth noting that contrastive studies in Egypt are scarce and generally limited to the need for an introduction to this or that translation, which illustrates the scientific modernity of our work, and which confronts for the first time Pedro Páramo’s translation from this focus.
The theoretical value of our research is the persistence of research traditions in the areas of contrastive linguistics and comparative literature that allow us to have a more difficult understanding of the difficulties of translating into different languages at different times. As for the practical value, it is that the work can be used as an example for translation research, as well as a basis for other work in this field.