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العنوان
chemical and biological study of Quinoa seeds as
Antioxidants and their effect on Oxidative stresses /
المؤلف
Ahmed, Wafaa Abdelnaby Moustafa.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / وفــــاء عـبدالــنبــي مصـطــفي أحــمـد
مشرف / ولاء إبـراهيـم محـمـد أنـيـس
مشرف / صـفاء طـلعـت جـوهري محمد
مناقش / اشرف عبد العزيز عبد المجيد
تاريخ النشر
2021.
عدد الصفحات
136 P. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
اقتصاد منزلي
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2021
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية التربية النوعية - قسم الاقتصاد المنزلى
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

from 133

from 133

Abstract

The aim of this thesis is to look forward for studied the protective effect of the different ratios of RQ seeds (5 and 10g) against oxidative stress induced by alloxan and CCl4 treatment in experimental rats.
6.1. Saponin analysis.
The result showed that quinoa seeds contain saponin was (0.516%) and after washing and soaking was (0.152%).
6. 2. Proximate analysis of quinoa of Red quinoa seeds:
The results revealed that moisture, protein, total fiber, fat, ash and carbohydrate, were 12.00, 14.24, 21.86, 9.44, 1.58, and 40.88 % d.w respectively. Taking into account the obtained values, it was evident that in carbohydrates was the major macronutrient, followed by protein, fat and ash.
6.3. Total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids content:
RQ seeds obtained a higher content of both Total phenolic compounds and T. flavonoids (9.97mg/g and 7.1 mg/g d.w respectively)
6.4. Measurement of antioxidant activity – in vitro
6.4.1. Free radical scavenging ability on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
DPPH radical scavenging ability is widely used as an index to evaluate the antioxidant potential of medicinal plants. In vitro antioxidant studies of Red quinoa seeds, the extent of DPPH radical scavenging at different ratios (40, 80, 100 mg/ml) of Red quinoa seeds was measured and compared with Ascorbic acid as the standards. The radical scavenging effect was found to increase with increasing ratios of Red quinoa seeds.
6.5. Biological Evaluation of experimental rats which produced oxidative stress by CCl4 and alloxan induction and treated with different concentration of Red quinoa seeds.
6.5.1. General signs in the rats
No rats in among groups died during the experimental period (8 weeks) and all the rats in groups exhibited no abnormal signs throughout the test period
6.5. 2. Body and organs weights
The final body weights and body weight gain of all rats groups (8 rats in each group). The initial body weights of all rats groups were lower significantly different as compared to healthy group 170.00±10.5, while final body weight of all rats groups were not significant different except inducted groups(Stress by CCl4 only group and Stress by Alloxan only group ) were decrease in significant (P≤0.05) 191.67±10.31and 201.83±18.35 respectively. On the other hand, stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ) and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ) occurred higher increased in body weight gain 52.18±7.59, 46.96±6.88, 47.28±5.57 and 55.85±4.27 respectively, compared to inducted groups (Stress by CCl4 only group and Stress by Alloxan only group) (9.13±1.50 and 12.17±3.26) respectively. These results hypothesized that the applied treatments by different concentration of Red quinoa seeds may improve appetite and enhance weight gain.
6.5.3. Organs weight / body weight % of experimental rats treated with different concentration of Red quinoa seeds.
A significant increase (P≤0.05) can be observed in the liver weight/body weight % in the stress groups (Stress by Alloxan only group and Stress by CCl4 only group) were 3.99±0.60 and 4.69±0.48 respectively compared to healthy group 2.61±0.24.Also in all the treatment groups (stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ) and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ)). After 6 weeks of treatment noticed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in all treatment groups (stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ) and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ)) compared with stress groups.
At the same trend a significant increase (P≤0.05) was noticed in kidney weight/body weight % in the stress groups (Stress by CCl4 only group and Stress by Alloxan only group) were 0. 79±0.07 and 0.75±0.25 respectively compared to healthy group 0.61±0.04.Also in all the treatment groups (stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ)) were (0.72±0.09, 0.65±0.07, 0.56±0.10 and 0.53±0.041) respectively. After 6 weeks of treatment noticed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in all treatment groups (stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ)) compared with stress .
While a significant decrease (P≤0.05) was noticed in Pancreas weight/body weight % in the stress groups (Stress by CCl4 only group and Stress by Alloxan only group) were 0.08 ±0.02 and 0.07 ±0.02 respectively compared to healthy group 0.20 ±0.02. Also was noticed after 6 weeks of treatment a significant (P≤0.05) improved in Pancreas weight/body weight % in all treatment groups (stress by CCl4 + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 5g (RQ), stress by Alloxan + 10g (RQ), and stress by CCl4 + 10g (RQ)) compared with stress groups as seen in Table (3) and Fig. (5).Generally, all Red quinoa seeds treatments had significant increment of organ weights compared to the positive group.
Results showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in antioxidant markers, SOD, CAT and GPx in the oxidative Stress group by CCl4 (14.64 ±0.11, 2.54 ±0.10 and1.74 ±0.14) respectively and the Stress groups by Alloxan (13.96 ±0.34, 2.43 ±0.15 and 1.870 ±0.06) respectively when compared with the healthy group (21.30 ±0.53, 3.62 ±0.10 and 3.86 ±0.09) respectively.
After 6 weeks of the treatment oxidative Stress groups by different concentration of Red quinoa seeds ((CCl4+5g RQ), (CCl4+10g RQ) , (Alloxan+5g RQ) and (Alloxan+10g RQ) ) showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in SOD, CAT and GPx level as compared to oxidative stress groups (Stress group by CCl4 and Stress groups by Alloxan). Quinoa supplementation in the diet administered to oxidative stress-induced rats reduced malondialdehyde levels in plasma and increased antioxidant enzymes activities
Stress by CCl4 and Alloxan causes severe a significant (P<0.05) elevation of serum ALT and AST levels till the end of the experiment (Table 5) and (Fig.7, 8) (84.33 ±8.76 and 75.16 ±5.95) and (172.00 ±11.4 and 142.00 ±10.4) respectively compared with healthy group (29.00 ±2.61 and 61.83 ±2.32) respectively. This elevation may be attributed to the cellular leakage and damage of structural integrity of the liver cells. Similarly, CCl4 and Alloxan administration induced elevation of direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin which are considered indicators of cholestasis and pathological alterations of the biliary flow when compared with the healthy group.
Also the stress by CCl4 and Alloxan causes a significant (P<0.05) depletion of total protein, serum ALP and total bilirubin content of tissues (3.65 ±0.302 and 3.83 ±0.39), (2.20 ±0.21 and 2.31 ±0.28) and (0.23 ±0.058 and 0.22 ±0.04) when compared with the healthy group (6.60 ±0.82, 3.20 ±0.25 and 0.52 ±0.05) respectively.
RQ seeds supplementation in the diet administered to oxidative stress-induced rats the liver functions were restored significantly in rats’ groups received quinoa seeds 10g, followed by quinoa seeds 5 g as compared to the stress groups (CCl4 and Alloxan).
Analysis of the different ratios of RQ seeds on serum urea, uric acid and creatinine in oxidative stress rats by CCl4 and Alloxan -induced, when compared to the healthy group. Stress by CCl4 and Alloxan causes severe a significant (P<0.05) elevation serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels till the end of the experiment (57.83 ±5.34 and 59.33 ±3.98), (3.26 ±0.175 and 3.26 ±0.327) and (0.61 ±0.03 and 0.68 ±0.160) respectively compared with healthy group (36.83 ±3.6, 2.50 ±0.29 and 0.43 ±0.052) respectively.
RQ seeds supplementation in the diet administered to oxidative stress-induced rats the kidney functions were restored significantly in rats groups received quinoa seeds 10g, followed by quinoa seeds 5 g as compared to the stress groups (CCl4 and Alloxan).
Stress by CCl4 and Alloxan causes severe a significant (P<0.05) elevation in the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDLc (162.36 ±4.54 , 61.00 ±7.38, 121.16 ±6.6 and 12.20 ±1.48) and (220.33 ±8.4, 89.66 ±1.45 , 179.40 ±3.41 and 17.93 ±0.29) and (0.61 ±0.03 and 0.68 ±0.160) respectively as compared with healthy group (95.95 ±3.47, 45.50 ±2.43 , 23.88 ±5.26 and 9.10 ±0.49) respectively this was associated with a significant decrease p < 0.05 in HDL-c in these groups levels till the end of the experiment compared with healthy group.
RQ seeds supplementation in the diet administered to oxidative stress-induced rats a significant (P<0.05) decreased in the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDLc ,also significant increase p < 0.05 in HDL-c in rats groups received quinoa seeds 10g, followed by quinoa seeds 5 g as compared to the stress groups (CCl4 and Alloxon).
The results of Plasma glucose level .It could be seen highly increase (P ≤0.05) in the level of glucose of Stress groups (CCl4 and Alloxan) compared to healthy group. RQ seeds supplementation in the diet administered to oxidative stress-induced significant (P<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels was observed in rats groups received quinoa seeds 10g, followed by quinoa seeds 5 g as compared to the stress groups (CCl4 and Alloxan).
6.2.4. Histopathological examination
6.2.4.1. Liver
Histopathological examination of the liver sections from healthy group (normal rats fed on standard diet only) showed no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the central vein and surrounding hepatocytes in the parenchyma. While in the stress group by CCL4 (fed on standard diet), vascular degeneration was detected the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes in diffuse manner in association with pyknosis in the nuclei of some of the other hepatic cells in association with inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal area also the portal area showed hyperplasia and newly formed bile ducts and dilatation in the portal vein.
Liver of animals affected by CCL4 and fed on (5 g RQ seeds) showed apoptosis was detected in some few individual hepatocytes surrounding the central vein. In contrast, no histopathological alteration in liver was observed in the animals affected by by CCL4 and fed on (10 g RQ seeds).
Histopathological examination of the liver animals affected by alloxan, sections from healthy group (normal rats fed on standard diet only) showed no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the central vein and surrounding hepatocytes in the parenchyma. While in the stress group by alloxan (fed on standard diet), Degenerative changes were detected in diffuse manner all over the hepatocytes in the parenchyma associated with few inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal area.
Liver of animals affected by alloxan and fed on (5 g RQ seeds) the portal area showed few inflammatory cells infiltration, no histopathological alteration in liver was observed in the animals affected by by alloxan and fed on (10 g RQ seeds).
6.2.4.2. Kidney
Rats fed on standard diet only (healthy group) showed no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the glomeruli and tubules at the cortex. While animals fed on standard diet plus injection with CCL4 (stress group). The tubular lining epithelium showed degenerative as well as necrobiotic changes in diffuse manner while the glomerular tufts showed atrophy with congestion in the cortical blood vessels also swelling and degeneration were detected in the lining tubular epithelium of the corticomedullary area. Furthermore, kidney of animals affected by CCL4 plus fed on (5 g RQ seeds) nuclear pyknosis was detected in some lining tubular epithelium at the cortex. No histopathological alteration as recorded in Kidney of animals affected by alloxan plus fed on (10 g RQ seeds).
Rats fed on standard diet only (healthy group) showed no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the glomeruli and tubules at the cortex. While animals fed on standard diet plus injection with alloxan (stress group). The tubular lining epithelium showed degenerative changes in diffuse manner all over the cortical portion while the glomerular tufts had vacuolization in the lining endothelium. Kidney of animals affected by alloxan plus fed on (5 g RQ seeds) was detected nuclear pyknosis in some lining tubular epithelium at the cortex. Furthermore, kidney of animals affected by alloxan plus fed on (10 g RQ seeds), there was no histopathological alteration.
6.2.4.3. Pancreas
The rats fed on standard diet only (healthy group) showing no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the islands of Langerhans cells as the endocrine portion as well as the acini and duct system as exocrine one . Also, animals fed on standard diet plus injection with CCL4 (stress group) and animals affected by CCL4 plus fed on (5 g RQ seeds) and (10 g RQ seeds) observed there was no histopathological alteration.
The rats fed on standard diet only (healthy group) showing no histopathological alteration and the normal histological structure of the islands of Langerhans cells as the endocrine portion as well as the acini and duct system as exocrine one . Meanwhile, animals fed on standard diet plus injection with alloxan (stress group) Atrophy was noticed in the cells of the islets of Langerhans in diffuse manner all over the pancreatic lobules and animals affected by alloxan plus fed on (5 g RQ seeds) .But animals affected by alloxan plus fed on (10 g RQ seeds) observed There was no histopathological alteration.