الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Bisphenol A(BPA) is an endocrine disruptor chemical which used in the manufacturing process of plastic. Exposure to low doses on long periods of BPA had many hazardous effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of lowest dose of BPA (50μg/kg b.w.) induced orally on the male reproductive performance and changes in the testis tissue through histological investigation. The effects of BPA on pregnant mother female rats and their fetuses morphologically and by skeletal examination. As well as the evaluation of the gene exp ression of the tumor suppressor gene P53 by quantitative Realtime PCR was carried out.
The present study had been performed to investigate the adverse effects of BPA treatment on the male sperm quality; the sperm count, motility, progression, viability and sperm morphology abnormalities like head or/ and tail abnormalities. The histological architecture of the testis was also examined for any irregularities. Pregnant mother rats and their fetuses was investigated by measuring and examining the maternal body weights during pregnancy, abortion rates and percentage of resorption. The fetuses were investigated morphologically for any
teratological changes in the shape as well as their mort ality rates and skeletal examination. Molecular studies as well were performed by investigating the effect of BPA on the expression of the tumor suppressor p53 gene.
Ninety-two adult male and female rats weighing from 200 - 220 gm. Animals where divided into three groups.
group I, the control group consists of 8 male and 8 females, that received corn oil daily during the duration of the experiment.
group II, treated Male group (64 animals) that are subdivided into 8 subgroups. Each subgroup consists of 8 males. All subgroups are treated orally with 50 µg/ kg/ day daily for 8 weeks. Each week a subgroup is dissected and subjected to sperm examination tests. Starting from 1st till the 8th week to investigate the most affected subgroup that showed the most sperm abnormalities.
group III, Female rats (12 animals) are treated orally with 50 µg/ kg/ day daily for 8 weeks and then mated with the males of the most effective subgroup in group II (subgroup 3) .Then the pregnant females are treated daily till the 19th day of gestation, then dissected at the 20th day.
The reproductive performance of the male rats were impaired during a period of 8 weeks of exposure to BPA.
Testis weight: There was no statistically significant difference (P˂ 0.05) in the weights of the left and right testes of all the subgroups compared with the control group.
Sperm counts: Statistically significant decrease (P ˂0.05) in the sperms counts of all the treated subgroups from subgroup 1 to subgroup 8 representing 34.8, 23.1, 22.5, 26.1, 31.8, 26.7, 29.1
and 26.1* 106 respectively compared with the control 51.9* 106
Sperm motility: A significant reduction in the percentage of motile sperms in the treated animal subgroups (2 -7) (P˂0.05), 64%,15.1%, 75%, 62.2%, 76.8% and 46.18% respectively was compared with the control group 95.5%. While subgroup (1 and 8), didn’t show any significant change 97.2% and 91.4% compared with the control group.
Sperm progression: The percentage of progressive sperms in subgroups (2-7) were 58.7%, 14.5%, 71.3%, 59%, 73.1% and 45.5% respectively. The data showed significant decrease (P˂0.05) compared with the control group 95%. Unlike group (1 and 8) recorded 94.1% and 90% respectively that didn’t show any significant change compared with the control group.
Sperm viability: The percentage of viable live sperms in the subgroups (1,2,3,4,6 and 7) were 84%, 23.1%, 8.6%, 58.9%, 73% and 33% respectively showed significant decrease (P˂0.05)
compared with the control group 94.3%. While subgroup (5 and 8) recorded 90% and 93% respectively that didn’t show any significant change compared with the control group.
Sperm morphology: The obtained results indicate a significant increase (P˂ 0.05) in the head, tail and the total sperms abnormalities. The highest defects found in the subgroup (3).
Histological investigations of the testis: the observation of the arrangement and shape of all seminiferous tubules of all the treated subgroups from subgroup 1 -8 showed the epithelium was thin and population of spermatocytes was relatively dispersed as well as abnormalities compared to the control group.
Effects on Pregnant mother: The present results reveals that BPA exposure causes decrease in the weight of the pregnant mother rats after the 7th day of gestation and that is accomp anied by the high abortion rates and high percentage of resorbed fetuses compared to the control group mother rats.
Effect on fetuses: The fetuses of the treated mothers were characterized by an increase in the congenital anomalies in the fetuses of the maternally treated mothers with 50 µg/kg/day BPA after pregnancy ,dissected at the 20th day of gestation such as paralysis in the fore limbs and hind limbs, complete absence of
the limbs or digits, contraction of the forelimbs, cervical edema and subcutaneous hemorrhage.
Molecular studies: The molecular studies performed by the extraction of RNA and then converting it into cDNA and by using quantitative Realtime PCR, the expression of the tumor suppressor p53 gene after BPA treatment presented an over- expression in the female and subgroup 3 of the male treated groups compared with the control group.