الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 177 |  |  |
| | | from | 177 | | |
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the levels of particulate matter, metals and noise along the Cairo Ring Road extending from the East (El-Maadi) to West (Al-Marioteya). The traffic particulate matter and its content, noise levels and vehicle count will be assessed during weekdays and the traffic pattern and main contributors towards the measured total suspended particulate matter, metals concentration and noise levels will be accounted for. Statistical correlations will be undertaken to see the impact of the extent of vehicular activity by count and type along this portion of the ring road.
This thesis consists of three main chapters: Introduction, Experimental (Materials and Methods), and Results and Discussion.
Chapters 1and 2: an introduction and literature review is presented about TSP on roads and traffic related noise studies conducted in several countries in the world. The chapter ends by providing the aim of the conducted research and objectives which has been to monitor the TSP and noise along the Greater Cairo Ring Road.
Chapter 3: is the experimental section of this thesis. In this chapter the selection of sampling points was undertaken after a survey of the Ring Road. The coordinated of the three sites (A, B, and C) were indicated and the time for measurement was also decided upon. The chapter also contains the experimental analytical procedures and equipment used in these measurements according to standard methods. TSP collected at the 3 locations were analyzed for heavy metals content (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Co, Ag and Mn) and cation content (B-, F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3- and SO4-). Equipment used for TSP measuring and monitoring was a high volume air sampler (Tisch Environmental Inc., USA) equipped with a Filter Media Cartridge (TE-3000) and noise was measured using Sound level meter (sound pro 3M DL). During the process of TSP and noise monitoring, the number of vehicles and traffic volume was monitored visually using a manual counting procedure. The type of vehicles were also identified and classified for inclusion with the results.
Chapter 4: The fourth chapter covers the results of work. For the location A, it was clear that the dust concentration measured on Monday at this location was, in general, higher than on Friday. The results also reveal that the maximum TSP recorded during the morning and afternoon peak hours on Monday were higher relative to Friday. Maximum TSP was 855 ± 13.83 µg/m3 and 795 ± 20.4 µg/m3 during the Monday morning and evening rush hours, respectively. It was clear that the predominant heavy metal content was Mn and Zn, which reached a peak during the morning and afternoon rush hour. Other elements, specifically Fe, Cu, Co and Pb, showed a similar increasing pattern during the same day. The anions of Cl and SO4 were the predominant anions during this day. from the present data, the noise level at this point ranged between 69 – 75 dB. It was evident that the level of noise recorded on Monday was higher than that measured on Friday in general. However, it reached the maximum during both days during the afternoon period. For location B, The results reveal that the maximum TSP recorded at this location was during the morning and afternoon peak hours on Monday. It reached the maximum of 640 ±17.79 µg/m3 and 620±20.54 µg/m3 during the evening and the morning rush hours, respectively. , it is clear that the predominant heavy metal content of TSP was Mn and Zn content, which peaked during the morning rush hour period followed by the evening period. For anions showed that the Cl and SO4 ions showed similar pattern of decrease and increase during the same periods at this location as Mn-Zn contents with the minimum reached also during the midday period. the noise level at this point ranged between 50 – 62 dB; it was evident that the level of noise recorded on Monday was higher than that measured on Friday in general. However, it reached the maximum during both days during the afternoon period. As for the third site, Location C, it showed similar results for the first site.
The fifth chapters is the discussion where show the source and standard of TSP , effect of car types and car count on TSP generated and effect of time of day traffic. The effect of traffic /day and period on heavy metals and anions and effect of car type and count was explained. Furthermore, impact of the traffic on noise levels was elaborated upon.