الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION and OBJECTIVESOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Title: Assessing the use of lignin in the removal of some heavy metals from industrial wastewater in power plants.
The thesis consists of four chapters arranged as follows:
Chapter 1:
Introduction:
This chapter presents an introduction to explain the aim and important of the present work.
Chapter 2:
Literature review
This chapter presents a literature review containing the previous work covering the following topics:
• Water and pollution.
• Sources of water Pollution.
• Effects of water Pollution on human health.
Chapter 3:
Materials and methods:
In this chapter, coverd the following items:
1- Chemicals.
2- Source of wastewater.
3- Testing and analysis.
4- Preparation of modified lignin.
5- Instrumentations
Chapter 4- Results and discussion:
This chapter investigate the obtained results of the produced soluble lignin derivative having an amino group which synthesized by a technique based on dry method by the reaction of isolated lignin from guava leaves with thiourea. The factors affecting the nitrogen content of the produced modified lignin mainly: reaction temperature, time and sodium hydroxide concentration besides the concentration of thiourea were studied and discussed. It was concluded that higher nitrogen content of lignin derivative is obtained at reaction temperature 120 oC for reaction time 100 minutes. Moreover, increasing the amount of thiourea was accompanied by an increase in nitrogen content until a certain ratio.
Product obtained was characterized by FT-IR, Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S).
Nevertheless, the adsorption efficiency of metal ions as Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, V and Fe was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The flocculation performance of the obtained modified lignin was evaluated in terms of turbidity, organic matter, total hardness and total silica. It was observed that the best clarification doses was at 26ppm ferric chloride and 4ppm modified
Lignin. This combined dose gives the lowest values of turbidity, total alkalinity, organic matter and total silica which changed from (18.2 NTU, 121ppm ,17.3ppm and 21.8ppm) to (0.97 NTU, 107ppm ,10.89ppm and 7.15ppm), respectively. It was found also that the modified lignin has high efficiency for removal of elements. For instance, as much as 75% of (Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Mn2+) were removed by using (8 ppm) of modified lignin, and 95% removal of (Fe and Cu).