الفهرس 
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Abstract
Family Moraceae (Mulberry) is one of the largest among angiosperms, comprising 73 genera and 1100 species worldwide, of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs with a milky latex
Part I:
Comparative phytochemical study of seven Ficus species cultivated in Egypt including:
• Comparative phytochemical study of the constituents by GC-MS analysis
• Evaluation of the Total phenolic content of the total methanolic extracts of the seven Ficus species
• Evaluation of the Total flavonoid content of the total methanolic extracts of the seven Ficus species
Part II:
Phytochemical study of Ficus bengalensis including:
• Extraction, fractionation, isolation and identification of different constituents from the leaves
Part III:
Comparative biological studies of seven Ficus species cultivated in Egypt comprising:
• Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of leaves methanolic extracts
• Cytotoxicity assessment.
• Microbiological studies including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-leishmanial, antimalarial and anti-trypanosomal
Part I
Comparative Phytochemical Study of Seven Ficus species
Chapter I
Comparative Phytochemical Study of the Constituents by GC-MS Analysis
GC–MS is normally used for direct analysis of unknown components existing in traditional medicines and medicinal plants. The results pertaining to GC-MS analysis have led to identification of a number of bioactive compounds from seven Ficus extracts. Thirty one compounds were identified through mass spectrometry attached with GC comprising fatty acid esters, sterols, terpenoids and coumarins. (Godara et al. 2019). Compounds were identified by matching their fragmentation pattern (mass spectra) with those of the database of the Analytical Chemistry Unit (ACAL library, 2018), NIST and METLIN libraries.
Chapter II
Evaluation of the Total Phenolic Content
The content of total phenolic compounds of the total methanolic extract of seven Ficus species was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The highest amount of phenols was observed in bark of F. bengalensis (12.80 ± 0.76 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) while the lowest was that of F. infectoria (2.507 ± 0.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/g)
Chapter III
Evaluation of the Total Flavonoid Content
The total flavonoid content of the total methanolic extract of seven Ficus species was compared. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the F. elastica (12.4643±0.366 mg rutin equivalent/g) while the lowest was present in F. infectoria (1.8571±0.658366 mg rutin equivalent/g).
Part II
Phytochemical Study of Ficus bengalensis
Chapter I
Extraction, Fractionation and Isolation of the Constituents from Leaves of Ficus bengalensis
The air-dried powdered leaves (5 kg) were extracted by maceration; with 95% methanol at room temperature; filtered and the solvent was evaporated. The crude extract of leaves (350 g) was suspended in the least amount of distilled water, and then defatted with light petroleum ether. The remaining aqueous solution was extracted with EtOAc. Afterwards, the mother liquor was finally evaporated to a semisolid viscous residue providing fraction III (220 g). The fractions were concentrated to afford the petroleum ether (fraction I, 82.5 g) and the EtOAc (fraction II, 26.0 g) which was exposed to gross fractionation using VLC (DCM-MeOH) gradient elution to afford six subfractions. Subfraction II1 (5.2 g) was further chromatographed on a silica gel column using petroleum ether–EtOAc gradient mixtures to yield six subfractions (II1–F–1: II1–F–6). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were obtained after further chromatographic purification. Subfraction II1-F-3 (1.5 g) was fractionated using sephadex LH-20 to give compounds 4, 5 and 6. Subfraction II3 (7.93 g) after successive purification with silica gel and sephadex LH-20 resulted in compounds 7, 8, 9 and 10. Compounds 11, 12 and 13 were obtained from subfraction II4-F-2 after repetitive purification
Chapter II
Identification of the Isolated Compounds
Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was performed with the aid of various spectroscopic techniques, including 1H and 13C NMR, DEPT Q, HSQC, HMBC and HR ESI-MS analyses, in addition to comparison of their physical, chemical, and chromatographic characters with those of the literature. A list of the isolated compounds is recorded in Table (73).
Part III
Comparative Biological Study of seven Ficus species
Chapter I
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity
All the extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory effects comparing with the positive control (indomethacin). They decreased the paw edema starting from 1h. till 5h. in comparison with the non-treated control group. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was displayed by the leaves extracts of both F. retusa and F. platyphylla (48.05, 41.55%of edema inhibition)
Chapter II
Evaluation of Anti-pyretic activity
The results showed that the oral administration of the total extracts of Ficus sp. produced a marked decrease in the rectal temperature of rats. The methanolic extract of F. sycomorous showed highest decrease in the rectal temperature from 2 hrs reaching its maximum effect after 5 hrs.
Chapter III
Evaluation of Analgesic activity
All of the extracts showed potent analgesic activity but with different ratios. Comparing with diclofenac results, leaf extracts of F. elastica and F. bengalensis showed analgesic effect higher than that of diclophenac after 5 hrs. 25.24 ± 0.68, 28.3 ± 0.62 Sec.
Chapter IV
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity
A. Antibacterial activity
1. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus:
Methanolic extract of F. elastica showed the highest activity against S. aureus strain with inhibition zone 19mm followed by F. platyphylla and F. bengalensis where both had an inhibition zone of 18mm
2. Antibacterial activity against B. subtilus:
Methanolic extrats of leaves of F. elastica, F. bengalensis, F. platyphylla, F. retusa, F. hawaii together with bark methanolic extract of F. bengalensis showed moderate activity against B. subtilus with inhibition zones of 17, 15, 12, 12, 11, and 11 mm, respectively.
3. Antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae:
Methanolic extracts of F. retusa, and F. platyphylla showed strong activity against K. pneumoniae (inhibition zone = 22 and 24 mm).
4. Antibacterial activity against E. coli:
Methanolic extrats of F. retusa showed a strong activity against E. coli (inhibition zone = 24 mm), which is similar to that of chloramphenicol. Additionally, F. cycomorous and F. elastica exhibited a strong activity (inhibition zone = 22 mm).
B. Antifungal activity
1. Antifungal activity against C. albicans:
The data showed that the most effective extract against C. albicans was F. infectoria (inhibition zone = 15 mm), followed by both F. elastica and F. sycomorous (inhibition zone = 14 mm each) and finally F. hawaii and F. bengalensis leaves (inhibition zone = 12 and 11 mm, respectively).
2. Antifungal activity against A. niger:
All extracts showed weak or no activity against A. niger.
Chapter V
Evaluation of antimalarial activity
Most of the extracts showed no antimalarial activity. Only the methanolic extract of F. elastica and F. infectoria showed weak antimalarial activity (17, 14%, respectively).
Chapter VI
Evaluation of anti-leishmanial activity
All the extracts showed no activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, L. donovani Amastigote, L. donovani Amastigote/THP at concentrations up to 20 µg/ml
Chapter VII
Evaluation of anti-trypanosomal activity
All the extracts didn’t show any effect against Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain TC 221 at concentrations up to 20 µg/ml.
Chapter VIII
Evaluation of cytotoxic activity
A. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of seven Ficus species
All the extracts were very potent anti-leukemic agents in comparison with doxorubicin as a standard. Moreover, F. platyphylla leaves extract had cytotoxic activity against human colon adenocarcinoma and breast cancer, while methanolic extract of leaves of F. bengalensis showed a moderate activity against human colon adenocarcinoma
B. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of three phthalate compounds isolated from F. bengalensis leaf extract against (HL60)
The results revealed that all the compounds showed a highly potent cytotoxic activity. Compound 7 showed the highest cytotoxic activity with IC50 2.3(ug/ml) followed by compound 5 with IC50 3.62(ug/ml) then compound 6 IC50 4.58(ug/ml)
Chapter IX
Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Activity
The investigation of anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extracts of seven Ficus sp. using STZ -induced diabetic rats. The results showed that bark of Ficus bengalensis was the most active of all extracts and even similar to that of the standard drug metformin.
Chapter X
Evaluation of the antioxidant activity
A) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay:
The total extracts of leaves of Ficus.species showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activities. The leaves extract of F. bengalensis was the most effective DPPH radical scavengers with IC50 value 0.304
B) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity using the phosphomolybdate assay:
The total extracts of leaves of Ficus.species showed varied antioxidant capacities. The highest antioxidant capacity was displayed by F. elastica which was 31.46 mg of Ascorbic equiv./g dried extract, respectively.
Godara P, et al. 2019. Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn. Pharmacognosy Journal.11.