الفهرس 
كارتوجرافية خطوط الكنتوريوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The present study consists of four chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion in addition to results and recommendations.
Introduction highlights and locates the study area, its subject area, and the reasons for choosing the subject, objective of the study, study problem, curricula, method of research, and previous studies that handle done on other related points regarding the study.
Chapter I: Cartography of Contour Lines
This chapter investigates the ways of representing the surface topography, the difference between the contour map and contour lines. It handles also how to code contour lines, the rules of contour cartography, and methods of determining the accuracy of contour lines and types of contour lines on the contour map.
Chapter II: Extraction Contour Lines from points Elevation of
Topographic Map1:50.000
Focuses on how to extract contour lines from the topographical map by studying the accuracy and specifications of the topographical map. The chapter also presents errors and distortions that appear in contour lines extracted from the topographical map. The chapter presents five methods of spatial derivation within GIS software (Kriging, IDW, TIN, Spline, and Natural Neighbor) and they were adopted in the production of contour lines.
Chapter III: Generation of Contour Lines from Open Source Digital Elevation Models
Sheds light on deriving contour lines from free- Open source Digital Elevation Models by defining Digital Elevation Models, their types, their quality, methods of obtaining them and sources of errors in them and how to deal with them before starting to use their Elevation. The chapter sums up the terrain sectors extracted from free digital Elevation and knowledge of the extent of compatibility and difference in the representation of surface shapes through it, and finally it presents the most important application of the contour map in determining the field of view for military purposes.
Chapter IV: Generation Contour Lines using different elevation data file Format
shows how to read the Elevation of digital files of different extensions, and analysis Cartography of contour lines produced through these extensions, which are (.img, .tif,. hgt, .dem) and a presentation of the cartographic standards for digital contour lines and how to detect and determine the error in them. The chapter also focuses on the different structure of contour lines that differ according to the type of software. Methods of cartographic processing and topological rules for dealing with anomalous digital linear errors in digital contour lines are handled in the current chapter.
Conclusion, the study sums up a number of important results and recommendations within the body of the current study which may be