الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This study was conducted at the Seds Research Station in Beni Suef, affiliated to the Institute of Animal Production Research of the Agricultural Research Center. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of biological treatments (Lactobacillus plantarum and or ZAD) on the chemical composition and nutritional value of green and dry corn stalks and green and dry sugar cane tops, to study the possibility of replacing part of the green fodder with the biologically treated by product in sheep and its effect on growth rates, feed digestibility rumen activity and some blood measurements.
Twenty-four animals of Osemi sheep were used with an average weight of about 25.5 ± 0.5 kg after weaning. The animals were randomly divided into six groups; each group contains four animals to receive one of following three treatments.
1- Control group (C): Consists of 33% concentrate feed mixture(CFM) 67% untreated green and dry corn stalks.
2- The second treatment (ZP): Consists of 33% (CFM) + 67% green and dry corn stalks treated by ZAD + Lactobacillus plantarum.
3- Third treatment (ZAD): consisting of 33% (CFM) + 67% green and dry corn stalks treated by ZAD.
1. Laboratory studies
1.1 Chemical composition of biologically treated by products.
Biological treatments led to a rise in the content of green and dry green corn stalks and green and dry sugar cane tops, crude protein, Ash, ether extracts and nitrogen free extract, resulting in a decrease in organic matter, crude fiber content and various fiber fractions.
1.2. Chemical composition of biologically treated green and dry corn stalks and green and dry sugar cane tops (treatment effect).
Biological treatments using ZAD + Lactobacillus plantarum and ZAD resulted in an increase in the content of green and dry corn stalks, green and dry sugar cane tops, protein and ash of the ether extract, but while decrease in organic matter, crude fiber and different fiber fraction and nitrogen free extract. Biological treatment of Lactobacillus plantarum did not affect the above-mentioned residues compared with control.
2. The second experiment (Metabolism trials)
2.1.1. For green and dry corn stalks (the effect of the type of by- product).
The groups fed on green corn stalks recorded the highest values of digestion factors for dry matter, organic matter and crude fiber from the groups fed on dry corn stalks, but the increase was insignificant. Also, the groups fed on green corn stalks recorded the highest values of protein digestion, ether extract, crude fiber, Compared to the second groups fed on dry corn stalks and the increase was significant.
2.1.2. The nutritional value of the ration (the effect of the type of by- product).
The groups that were fed on green corn stalks recorded the highest increase in the nutritional value of the animals in the form of digested and digested protein compared with the groups fed on dry corn stalks.
2.2.1. For green and dry corn stalks (effect of treatment).
The treatment groups (ZP) recorded the highest values of digestion factors for dry matter, organic matter, protein extract of ether, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract compared to control treatments.
2.2.2. The nutritional value of the experiment rations (treatment effect).
Feeding on the diet in the second and third groups (ZP and ZAD) resulted in an increase in the nutritional value of the kidneys in the form of digested and digested protein compared to the control (the first treatment).
3.3. Rumen parameters
2.3.1. Treatment groups (ZP, ZAD) showed significant increases (P <0.05) in the pH values of the rumen fluid compared to the control treatment.
2.3.2. The treatment groups (ZP, ZAD) recorded the highest significant value (P <0.05) for volatile fatty acids for rumen fluid compared to control (treatment 1).
2.3.3 The treatment groups were recorded (ZP, ZAD). The highest value (P <0.05) for ammonia was compared with control treatment.
2.4. Blood plasma parameters (effect of the by- product)
2.4.1. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in total protein plasma content for animals fed on green corn compared to feed animals (dry corn stalks).
2.4.2. Significant differences (P <0.05) in blood plasma albumin were found for animals fed on dry compared to feed animals (green corn stalks).
2.4.3. For globulin, the differences were significant (P <0.05) for the animals fed on green corn stalks compared to the animals fed (dry stalks).
2.4.4 There were significant differences (P> 0.05) in the blood plasma content of the ALT enzyme for animals fed on dry corn stalks compared with the animals fed (green corn stalks).
2.4.5. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in plasma blood content of the AST enzyme for animals fed on dry corn stalks compared with feed animals on green corn stalks.
2.4.6. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the values of creatinine for animals fed on dry corn stalks compared to the animals fed on green corn stalks.
2.4.7. There are significant differences (P <0.05) in the values of urea blood plasma. For animals fed on dry corn stalks compared to feed animals (green corn stalks).
2.4.8. Animals fed on dry corn stalks had a higher blood glucose (P <0.05) than those fed on green corn stalks.
2.4.9. The animals fed on green corn stalks higher (P> 0.05) value than the triglycerides of the animals fed on the dry corn stalks.
2.4.10. The animals fed on green corn stalks recorded a decrease (P <0.05) in cholesterol values compared to the animals fed on the dry corn stalks.
2.5. Blood plasma parameters (effect of treatment)
2.5.1 There were significant differences (P <0.05) in plasma blood content of total protein for (ZP) followed by (ZAD) compared to control.
2.5.2. There are significant differences (P <0.05) in blood plasma albumin between control and treatment groups. The difference was significant (P <0.05) between the biological treatment groups (ZP, ZAD).
2.5.3. For globulin, the differences between control and groups were biologically significant (P <0.05) where the highest values were recorded in ZP followed by the ZAD and the control.
2.5.4. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in the blood plasma content of the ALT enzyme between the control (the first transaction) and the treatment groups (ZP and ZAD).
2.5.5. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the blood plasma content of the AST enzyme between the ZP, ZAD and the control.
2.5.6. ZP showed a significant increase (P <0.05) in the creatinine values compared with the ZAD and the control.
2.5.7. ZP was showed the highest significant value (P <0.05) for the blood plasma urea compared to the control group and the ZP and ZAD.
2.5.8. The highest control group (P <0.05) recorded glucose blood plasma compared with (ZP, ZAD).
2.5.9 ZP and ZAD (P <0.05) recorded a value of triglycerides compared to control group.
2.5.10 Treatment groups (ZP, ZAD) reduced (P <0.05) in cholesterol values compared to control.
3. Feeding trial
3.1. Effect of (type of waste) in lambs ration on growth performance.
Feeding on green and dry stalks bioreactor reagents resulted in an increase in the final weight, daily increase rate and total increase during the 120 days growth period. There were no significant differences in feeding on both the by-product.
3.2. Effect of treatment in lambs ration on growth performance
Biological treatments (group 1and group 2) resulted in an increase in final weight, daily increase rate and total increase during the 120-day growth period of the experiment compared to the untreated control group and significant (p<0.05) improvements were observed in the mean values of feed conversion as DM, DCP and TDN for the groups ZP and ZAD compared to the control groups.
Conclusion
Lactic acid bacteria play important roles in silage fermentation depending on the production of sufficient organic acids to inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms. However, the LAB is not able to degrade cellulose hemi cellulose, (xu etal 2017).On the other hand, bacteria and fibro lytic enzymes are used to improve the digestibility.
In general, biological treatment of green corn stalks or dry corn stalks tends to improve growth rate, digestion factor and nutritional values. Furthermore, some rumen and plasma treatments have not been affected and these biological parameters can be applied without any adverse effect on the health of the animals.