الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at poultry physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University in corporative with a private commercial duck production farm located in Gharbiya governorate, Egypt. The main objective of the present study was to further evaluate the role of some antioxidants in improving semen quality traits of Muscovy drakes in order to increase the fertility and hatchability of artificially-inseminated ducks for mule ducks production. Use of newly proposed semen extender concomitant by different storage times of semen samples was also examined. Twenty four- 32 weeks-old of Muscovy drakes were divided into equally four experimental groups (6 drakes / group). The first group was served as a control group (T1), while the second (T2), third (T3) and fourth (T4) groups were supplemented with vitamin E-Selenium (200 ppm/l), vit. C (300 mg/l) and zinc sulphate (0.500 mg/l), respectively in drinking water for three months period (May- July) during summer season. At 32, 36, 40 and 44 weeks of age, freshly semen samples were collected by dorsal-abdominal massage method. Within 20 min of semen collection sample from each drake of the same experimental group was evaluated. After that, all the semen samples of each experimental group were pooled. The pooled semen was placed in four different tubes, so their volumes were equally. Four types of diluents or extenders (A, B, C and D) were used for each portion, respectively. At each age, semen evaluation traits were done, where the evaluated traits included ejaculate volume (Vol., ml), progressive motility (Mot, %), sperm concentration (Conc., x 106/ml), dead sperms (DS, %), coiled-tail sperms (Coil. %), sperm clumps (Clum. %) and total abnormal spermatozoa (TA, %) were estimated. In addition, at the end of experimental period (90-days) blood samples were collected from all drakes of each experimental group for plasma biochemical analysis.Four types of extenders (A, B, C and D as a new proposed extender) had been tested, at four different storage periods (0, 6, 12 and 24hrs) under liquid storage at 5ºC ,then artificial insemination technique (AI) was applied to estimate both fertility and hatchability percentages. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Ejaculate volume was significantly (P<0.05) increased for the three experimental groups (T2, T3 and T4) compared with control group (T1) with overall mean of 0.88, 1.11, 1.10 and 1.02ml for C, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The percentage of increase was reached to 26.14; 25.0 and 15.91% for vit. E+Se; vit. C and Zinc respectively compared with drakes un-supplemented any type of antioxidants in drinking water (control group). The percentage of spermatozoa motility was significantly (P<0.05) increased with antioxidants supplementation in drinking water especially with vit. C (87.7%) and Zinc (86.66%) followed by vit.E-Se (81.87%) compared to control group (71.04%). Ejaculate volume was significantly increased with age the overall means of ejaculate volume recorded 0.87 ,0.98, 1.10 and 1.14ml at 32 , 36, 40 and 44 weeks of age, respectively. Progressive motility percentage was significantly (P<0.05) increased for semen samples that collected at 40 weeks of age with overall mean 85.2%, while progressive motility was similar at 36 (80.83%) and 44 weeks of age (81.87%) compared with control group (79.47%). Regardless the effect of antioxidants supplementation, spermatozoa concentration was significantly (P<0.05) increased by the advance of age where the rate of change recorded about 7.71% , 11.87% and 15.73% at 36, 40 and 44 weeks of age, respectively. Age had deleterious effect on the percentages of total abnormalities, coiled-tail spermatozoa, sperm clumps and dead sperms were significantly increased with age advance, where the lowest values were recorded at 32 week of age, while the highest values was obtained at 44 weeks of age. Semen extenders significantly (P<0.05) affect different semen quality characteristics, the best extenders for morphological parameters were A and D extenders. A significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentrations of plasma thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine,T3) and plasma testosterone hormone (TS) was recorded for vit.E-Se, vit. C and zinc element supplementation. No significant effects of treatments on plasma total proteins (TP), albumin (A), globulin (G) concentrations, and albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio were detected. Plasma levels of ALT and AST enzymes activity and total plasma cholesterol (TC) were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with different antioxidants addition in drinking water compared with control drakes.
The results indicated that the better fertility percentage of hens artificially inseminated with diluted semen at 0.00 hour (average 74.5%) compared to hens inseminated at 6.00 hours (average 70.50%). Also, the better hatchability percentage of hens artificially inseminated with diluted semen at 0.00 hour (average 76.06%) compared to hens inseminated at 6.00 hours (average 73.46%).