الفهرس 
• Lung CancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the
world. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most
prevalent type of lung cancer accounting for ∼80% of cases.
Worldwide and in the United States, lung cancer is the most
common cause of cancer-related death. In the U.S., more than
221,000 people will be newly diagnosed with lung cancer in
2011, and more than 155,000 people will die from the disease
this year.
Early detection of lung cancer is vital to improve lung
cancer survival rates and also could change the disease
outcome. In the effort to improve early detection, many
imaging and cytology-based strategies have been employed;
however, none has yet been highly effective, either because of
limited sensitivity or the prohibitive cost they bear to public
health systems. It is now widely accepted that epidemiological
risk modeling is required for stratification of individuals for CT
screening. In addition, one of the major unmet clinical needs is
the inclusion of new molecular biomarkers on non- or
minimally invasive samples to assist early diagnosis, prognosis
and prediction of response to treatment.
There is increasing interest in EBC analysis, because the
method of collection is simple, non-invasive, repeatable and
does not necessarily require patient cooperation.
Summary and Conclusion
159
Although ferritin proved to be measurable and present in
high concentrations in the EBC of lung diseases such as asthma
and cystic fibrosis, it seldomly has been studied in the EBC of
patients with lung cancer.
The aim of our study is to investigate ferritin in the EBC
of patients with NSCLC and controls testing its role as non
invasive marker of lung cancer trying to detect lung cancer
early.
Our study conducted at Ain shams University Hospitals,
included eighty patients classified into three groups:
group (A) which Consists of forty patients diagnosed as
non small cell lung cancer.
group (B) which consists of twenty patients with COPD.
group (C) which Consists of twenty healthy persons as a
control group.
Estimating the level of ferritin in exhaled breath condensate
was done for all the patients in the three groups.
All data were collected and statistically analyzed.
from the present study, the following results were
obtained:
NSCLC is predominant in males mostly due to smoking.
Summary and Conclusion
161
There is a high statistically significant difference between
the three studied groups as regards ferritin level in EBC
which is > 60 ng/ml in group A (NSCLC), 35-40 ng/ml
in group B (COPD) and 20-25 ng/ml in group C
(control).
from the present study it is concluded that:
The early detection of lung cancer in early stage is highly
important for surgical probability of these patients.
Early detection of lung cancer patients decreases
morbidity and mortality of lung cancer.
EBC is highly sensitive and specific and can be applied
widely in chest hospitals.
Recommendations
161
Recommendations
1- The use of EBC ferritin as a non invasive and inexpensive
method in screening of lung cancer.
2- Future studies should implement EBC ferritin in
combination with serum ferritin and ferritin level in pleural
effusion that can be used as a panel in early diagnosis of
lung cancer.
3- EBC ferritin can be used in monitoring the progress of lung
cancer.
4- The increased level in EBC ferritin in COPD patients but
not reaching