الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis are so common and essentially important issues to be discussed in elderly population especially females. Diabetes is the most common metabolic and endocrinal disorder and is recognized as the world’s fastest growing chronic disease. Aging significantly increases the incidence of diabetes many diabetics are in the age subgroup of 60–74 years.
Chronic complications of diabetes, including retinopathy and neuropathy, further increase the risk of falling and further enhance the possibility of fracture especially in frail elderly females. Skeletal manifestations of DM were previously only considered due to disturbed glucose intolerance now emerging evidence suggests that bone is metabolically active, secreting growth factors and proteins that modulate insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder, affecting 200 million individuals worldwide. It is increasing in prevalence and remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated. This is attributable in part to the fact that it is a clinically silent disease until it manifests in fracture. After this occurs, there can be significant pain, deformity, and increased morbidity and mortality.
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility, and increased fracture risk. The World Health Organization has defined osteoporosis on the basis of BMD measurements obtained on DXA as a T-score of greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for normal, who are young healthy individuals
The current study is conducted on 80 women aged between 65 and89 years.
These women are subdivided into four groups
group I: 20 type 2 diabetic patients above 65 years and have osteoporotic fractures. group II: 20 type2 diabetic patients above 65yearswithout osteoporotic fractures. group III: 20 non diabetic patients above 65years with osteoporotic fractures. group IV: 20 healthy volunteers above 65 years to serve the Purpose of the control group.
There was a high significant difference in between the four groups regarding to FPG and HbA1c with P<0.001
In the current study, there was no statistically significant difference in between four groups regarding to Osteocalcin level with P=0.142 but There was a statistical significant difference in between the diabetics and the non-diabetics group regarding to Osteocalcin level with P=0.046
The current study shows no significant difference in between the four groups according to DXA (spine, radius and femur). As regard to spine X ray there was a statistically significant difference in between the studied groups with P= 0.006.
Our study also shows a positive significant correlation between FPG and osteocalcin in group I that contain type 2 diabetic patients above