الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Pyramids Height lies about 16 km west to Cairo and nearby El-Hassana dome about 2 km to the south, and located at 30°0’38.17” N and 31°4’7.42” E. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of carbonate Turonian rocks and their behaviors.
Core data from ten boreholes have been processed through a sequence of graphical and computational relations to delineate and evaluate quantitatively the different physical and mechanical parameters. The results have been illustrated through a graphical relationships between different parameters showing the graphical variations of the carbonate rocks properties. While thin sections facilitated in setting deeper understanding of the carbonate Turonian characteristics and the different factors affecting them especially the fracturing role and the nature of deposition.
This thesis begins by outlining the introduction and proposes for study physical and mechanical properties of carbonate rocks according to engineering propose and study rock characterization, recognize the previous works for the study area.
In chapter 2, representing the location for study area and locations for borehole wells. Investigating along the geologic setting, lithology, structure and stratigraphy. Scope about cretaceous rocks especially for Turonian rocks the major study, clarifying the main faults and folds in El-Hassana dome. Ended with petrographical study by thin sections scoping for Allochems and Orthochems for describing the lithological samples and also detecting pore spaces and fractures appearance.
In chapter 3, provides an introduction to the datasets measuring for the study physically and mechanically, where the data characterized to evaluate the physical behavior for Turonian carbonate. 51 plug core samples are collected from different boreholes used for measuring porosity, permeability, bulk density, sonic wave velocity and electrical resistivity, all of these measurements are used to illustrated different graphical relationship between different parameters. RQI and FZI are used for identifying and characterizing from petrophysical properties where there are three zones are detected where Turonian carbonate shows high degree of homogeneity with highly correlation coefficients.
Besides, important results can be detect from this study where bulk density ranged from (1.822 g/cc – 3.601 g/cc) of dynamic data while ranged from (2.2 g/cc – 3.556 g/cc) of static data, the porosity ranged from (1.75% - 32.45%) of dynamic data while ranged from (4 % - 25.8 %) of static data and the permeability values of the studied samples ranged from (0.002 mD - 68.753 mD) and (0.003 mD – 88.58 mD) which represent the minimum and the maximum values for vertical and horizontal of bedding plane of Turonian carbonate respectively.
The compressional and the shear waves (Vp and Vs respectively) are found to lies in 2940 m/s to 5500 m/s for (Vp) and 1595 m/s to 2905 for (Vs) of dynamic data. thus, The predicted seismic velocities of both compressional and shear waves (Vp and Vs respectively) are found to lies in 2251.73 m/s to 4771.65 m/s for (Vp) and 892.4 m/s to 2080.2 m/s for (Vs) of static according to S.Pavizi et al., (2015). Otherwise, the other predicted Vs according to Castagna et al. (1985) are ranged from 1403.4 m/s to 3294.6 m/s.
In chapter 4, estimating mechanical parameters of rocks to detect strength and deformation properties of (UCS, PLT and tensile strength) all of these to give corrected UCS. Then, delineate from static and dynamic elastic moduli some models and output with new empirical relations.
Data not a valuable with results so briefly about outline values and started with corrected UCS where all static UCS ranged from 5.85 Mpa to 122.18 Mpa, while for dynamic UCS that depends on dynamic shear modulus and dynamic bulk modulus that ranged from 17.16 Mpa to 167.24 Mpa.
The dynamic Poisson’s ratio “σ” ranged from 0.240 to 0.345 for the samples from pyramids heights area which indicate fairly to moderately competent rocks, while the value of the static Poisson’s ratio “σ” ranged from 0.27 to 0.35 where indicate fairly to moderately competent. Young’s modulus one of the most important parameter for engineering propose and helpful to delineate a model so the Dynamic Young’s modulus “Ed” ranged from (11.97 Gpa to 57.67 Gpa) and there estimated static young’s modulus ranged from (4.04 Gpa to 47.90 Gpa), The measured young’s elastic modulus according to different type of formations ranged from (2.07 Gpa to 21.32 Gpa) in equation (4.17), from (5.187 Gpa to 25.48 Gpa) in equation (4.18) and from (2.36 Gpa to 17.002 Gpa) in equation (4.19) for the core samples from the pyramids heights area.
The shear and bulk moduli are ranged from the calculated dynamic values of shear modulus “μdyn.” ranged from 4.64 Gpa to 22.07 Gpa for the samples from pyramids heights area. The calculated static values of shear modulus “μSt.” ranged from 2.00 Gpa to 10.11 Gpa. The calculated dynamic values of bulk modulus” ranged from 9.57 Gpa to 50.78 Gpa. The calculated static values of bulk modulus” ranged from 4.32 Gpa to 20.32 Gpa for the samples from pyramids heights area.
The calculated static values of Lambda ranged from 2.97 Gpa to 14.74 Gpa and the dynamic values of lambda ranged from 6.48 Gpa to 37.24 Gpa for the samples from the pyramids heights area.
In chapter 5, Geotechnical parameters competence scales ( concentration index, material index, stress ratio), bearing capacity and rock mass rating all these data will beneficial for describing the foundation bedrocks for engineering proposals so the material index gives values ranged from “-0.34 to 0.04” this of γ values contains the materials that lie in categories II and III and almost all values lie in category II, the values of concentration index ranged from 3.896 to 5.171 which represent from incompetent to fairly competent materials. The values of stress ratio ranged from “0.32 to 0.53” which represent from incompetent to fairly competent materials.
Bearing capacity failures of structure foundations founded on rock masses are dependent upon joint spacing with respect to foundation width, joint orientation, joint condition and rock type. Describe bearing capacity into two parameters ultimate bearing capacity and allowable bearing capacity. The bearing capacity is very important for geotechnical design where the study area according to dynamic and static analysis gives ranged values for allowable bearing capacity and ultimate bearing capacity thus in dynamic analysis the ultimate bearing capacity varies from 13.51 Gpa to 78.35 Gpa and the allowable bearing capacity varies from 4.50 Gpa to 26.12 Gpa, otherwise there analysis in static the ultimate bearing capacity varies from 4.45 Gpa to 92.86 Gpa and allowable bearing capacity varies from 1.48 Gpa to 30.95 Gpa. Finally the rock mass rating gives total 48 which lies in class number III represented as fair rock.
After this quiet investigate data for the pyramids height area that now represent city to be scope for investment so there are some typical recommendations for technical proposes.
Recommendations:
• The results supposed to avoid the critical and dangerous of weak zones of bedrock layers.
• Precautions of carbonate rock for construction to inject cement based-grout into subsurface cavities in order to improve strength and reduce permeability.
• Foundation level for each buildings not less than 1.5 m below the lowest point on the ground surface at each building.
• Recommendations of the study are given for geotechnical investigations engineers to expect the maximum depth for cavity probing search through any project depending on the loads and widths of the shallow foundation.