الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 178 |  |  |
| | | from | 178 | | |
Abstract
This study was on some medicinal and aromatic plants the medicinal and aromatic plants play in important economic crops and the important role in industries these plants contain chemical compound s used as medicinal comities ,perfume and used in other purposes as spices the medicinal and aromatic plants are considered as economic crops and flavoring for appetizing the medicinal and aromatic plants they play on economic value for local and exterior markets and they on important role used as fresh or dry herbs .
the medicinal and aromatic plants on important role in the Egyptian national in come by exporting to different countries in the world in addition of the local consumption .
Ι. Ecological studies:
Ecological studies were carried out on some aphid species infesting some medicinal and aromatic plants at Qalyubiya and Fayum governorates.
1- Surveying some aphid species infesting some medicinal and aromatic plants and associated predators during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons:
Nine Aphids species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were collected from different medicinal and aromatic plants at different localities in Egypt throughout three successive years from 2013 to 2015. These nine aphids were collected from 56 medicinal and aromatic host plants whereas A. gossypii was found on the highest number of host plants (19 plants), followed by M. persicae that was found on 16 host plants. While Acyrosiphon pisum was found on Brassica oleracea (Collard greens) .
2- Ecological studies:
Some ecological studies were carried out throughout two successive seasons; 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 at both Fayoum and Qalyubiya Governorates to determine the population dynamics of some aphid species infest certain medicinal and aromatic plants as well as to evaluate the effect of their associated natural enemies and some of weather factors on changes in their population densities throughout the two successive seasons in the both governorates:-
2-1. population dynamics of some aphids on certain medicinal and aromatic plants:
2-1-1. Aphis gossypii on rosell plants:
During surveying aphids on Rosell plants many aphid species were found. but A. gossypii found to be the dominant species on Rosell plants. So population dynamics of this species were evaluated on Rosell plants throughout two successive seasons; 2013 and 2014.
Results indicated that seasonal mean numbers of population density were higher in Fayoum than Qalyubiya throughout the two successive seasons. Three main peaks of population density were recorded in the both Governorates; during the period from the third week of Jun. to 3rd week of September, 2013 in Fayoum and from 3rd week of Jun. to 1st week of September 2013 in Qalyubiya. Three predators were found to be associated with A. gossypii population density; Coccinella undeciumpunctata, chrysoperla carnea and Syrphus corolla. Parasitism and predation perceatages were 52.1% and 47.9%, respectively in Fayoum, while these percentages were 45.3% and 54.7%, respectively in Qalyubiya in 2014 season; three main peaks of population density were recorded on Fayoum from 3rd week of June to the 3rd week of September, 2014. While in Qalyubiya Governorate two peaks of A. gossypii were recorded from the 3rd week of June to mid-September, 2014. Parasitism and predation percentages were 48.1% and 51.9% in Fayoum and were 49.4% and 50.6%, respectively in Qalyubiya governorate. Seasonal presence of C. undeciumpunctata population density was the heist in compares on with Ch. carnea and S. corolla.
2-1-2. Mayzus persicae
This aphid species found to be the dominant aphid species on two winter medicinal and aromatic plants in both Fayoum and Qalyubiya governorates throughout the two successive seasons, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. These two plants are marigold and chamomile.
2-1-2-1 on marigold plants:
Seasonal abundances of M. persicae was higher in Fayoum than these recorded in Qalyubiya governorate throughout the two seasons.
In the first seasons, four main peaks of population density were recorded in the both governorates, from mid-Dec., 2013 to early-April 2014 in Fayoum, while in Qalyubiya detected from end–Dec., 2013 to mid-April, 2014. Seasonal Parasitism and predation percentages were 47.4% and 52.6%, respectively in Fayoum, while these percentages were 46.6% and 53.4%, in Qalyubiya governorate.
In the second season, four main peaks of population density of M. persicae on marigold plants in Fayoum governorate during the period from late-Dec., 2014 to early-Apr., and 2015. Parasitism and predation percentages were 50.6% and 49.4%, respectively. While in Qalyubiya governorate, five main peaks were detected during the period from late-Dec., 2014 to mid-Apr., and 2015. Parasitism and predation percentages were 51.4% and 48.6%, respectively.
2-1-2-2 on Chamomile:
Seasonal abundances of M. persicae population density was higher in Fayoum than these recorded in Qalyubiya governorate throughout the two seasons.
In the first seasons, population density recorded five main peaks from mid Dec., 2013 to late- Mar., 2014 in Fayoum, while in Qalyubiya four main peaks of M. persicae population density were determined from late-Dec., 2013 to late-Apr., 2014. Parasitism and predation percentages were 52.1% and 47.9%, respectively in Fayoum, while these percentages were 51.2% and 48.8%, in Qalyubiya governorate.
In the second season, four main population density peaks were detected in Fayoum from late-Dec., 2014 to the third week of April,2015 . While in Qalyubiya governorate, five main peaks were detected from late-Dec., 2014 until the third week of April, 2015. Parasitism and predation percentages were 52.6% and 47.4%, respectively.in Fayoum, while these percentages were 51.4% and 48.6%, for Parasitism and predation, respectively. In Qalyubiya governorate.
2-1-3. Brevicoryn brassicae on Fennel plants:
Serveal aphid species were recorded on Fennel plants during this study but Brevicoryn brassicae found to be the dominant one, so population dynamics of this species and their predators were studied to detect active period of their population density.
In the first seasons, three main peaks of population density were detected in Fayoum during the period from mid Dec., 2013 to early- Apr., 2014, while in Qalyubiya four main peaks were determined from late-Nov., 2013 to Mid-Apr., 2014. Parasitism and predation percentages were 49.7% and 50.3% in Fayoum, respectively. While in Qalyubiya these percentages were 52.2% and 47.8%, respectively.
In the second season, four main population density peaks were detected from Mid-Dec., 2014 to Mid- April, 2015 in Fayoum. Also, four peaks were detected in Qalyubiya from Mid-Dec., 2014 till late-Mar., and 2015. Seasonal Parasitism and predation percentages were 43.9% and 56.1% in Fayoum, respectively, while these percentages were 47.4% and 52.6%, for Parasitism and predation, respectively. In Qalyubiya governorate.
3- Effect of three main weather factors on aphids population density.
Effects of three main weather factors; Minimum, Maximum temperatures and Relative humidity on changes of population density of the three aphids; A. gossypii on Rosell, M. persicae on both marigold and chamomile as well as B. brassicae on Fennel plants throughout the two successive seasons 2013/2014 – 2014/2015 in both Fayoum and Qalyubiya governorates were evaluated.
- 3-1. A. gossypii on Rosell:
in Fayoum, both minimum and maximum temperature showed significant positive effect of A. gossypii population in density in the two seasons, while Rh% showed insignificant negative effected in both seasons. Explained variances (E.V %) were 55.2% and 30.6% for the two seasons, respectively.
While in Qalyubiya, both minimum temperature and Rh% showed significant positive effect in 2013 season. While maximum temp. Showed insignificant positive effect.
in the second season,2014 both minimum and maximum temp. Showed significantly positive effect. While Rh% showed insignificantly negative effect. Explained variances (E.V %) percentages were 44.5% and 50.3% for the two seasons, respectively.
3-2-1. M. persicae on Marigold plants:-
in Fayoum, the three evaluated weather factors showed insignificant negative in the two seasons, except Rh% showed insignificant positive effect in the first season only. Explained variances (E.V %) were 23.8% and 13.7% for the two seasons, respectively.
Also, in Qalyubiya, the same exactly affects that as showed on as in Fayoum. Explained variances (E.V %) were 19.5% and 16.9% for the two seasons, respectively.
- 3-2-2. M. persicae on Chamomile plants:-
The three weather factors showed insignificant negative in both governorates, Explained variances (E.V%) were 19.2% and 7.5% for the two seasons in Fayoum, respectively. While, these percentages were 11.8% and 6.4% for the two seasons, respectively. in Qalyubiya
3-3. B. brassicae on Fennel plants:-
in Fayoum, Relative humidity% showed significant negative effect in 2013/2014 season, while showed insignificant negative effect in 2014/2015 season. Both minimum and maximum temperature showed insignificant positive effects on the two seasons, Explained variances (E.V %) were 46.6% and 4.0% for the two seasons, respectively.
In Qalyubiya, Rh% showed significantly negative effect in 2013/2014 season, but in the second season showed insignificantly negative effect. While both minimum and maximum temperature showed insignificantly positive effects in the first season and negative in the second season, Explained variances (E.V%) were 27.3% and 7.8% for the two seasons, respectively.
4- Evaluation of some natural compounds:-
The present study demonstrates the efficiency of four plant extracted pesticides namely( Bref Am, A chock, Nimeex, Neem-force and Biomectin) against all stages on four plants( roselle plant, marigold, chamomile and fennel ) under open field during two seasons:-
4-1. Aphis gossypii infesting Roselle plant.
Results of study proved that Biomectin and bref-AM. The most effective pesticides with 79.14% and 70.17% mean reduction respectively during summer season 2013 but the second season 2014.Abamection and reem-force proved to be the most effective with 77.96% and 70.26% mean reduction, respectively. While A chock give the mean reduction 69.36% respectively. Bref-Am and Nemeex gave moderate effect in controlling caused 69.36% and 66.37%, respectively.
4-2-1 M. persicae infesting Chamomile plant.
Results indicated that the chamomile, Biomectin was the most effective gave 71.83% and 71.86% mean reduction during 2014 and 2015 seasons. While A chock gave the effect in controlling caused 69.05% and 68.52% mean reduction during two seasons. Bref-Am and Nimeex gave (66.71%, 66.63% and 67.48%, 66.18%) during 2014 and 2015, respectively. But the treatment neem gave the moderate effect in controlling 60.14and 61.87% mean reduction during two seasons, respectively.
4-2-2. M. persicae on Marigold plants :-
Bref-AM and A chock proved to be the most effective pesticides with 74.36%, 62.42% Bref-Am and A chock gave effect in controlling caused 74.67% and 68.42% mean reduction, respectively. While Nimeex gave 67.49% and 65.65% mean reduction during 2014 and 2015 season. The second effective treatment Neem force gave 66.67% and 65.88% mean reduction, respectively.
- 4-3. B. brassicae on Fennel plant.
Results indicated that the Biomectin, A chock and Bref-Am were proved to be the most effective pesticides with mean reduction (77.28%, 73.06 and 70.33%), respectively during 2014 season. But the second season 2015 gave the mean reduction 74.26%, 17.37% and 70.21% for all treatment (Biomectin, A chock and Bref-Am). Nimeex and Neem-force gave moderate effect in controlling caused 69.13% and 69.68% during 2014 season and in the second season gave 65.59% and 66.02, was the most effective gave 71.83% and 71.86% mean reduction during 2014 and 2015 seasons. While gave the effect in controlling caused 69.05% and 68.52% mean reduction during two seasons. and Nimeex gave (66.71%, 66.63% and 67.48%, 66.18%) during 2014 and 2015, respectively.
5- Effect of paper trap, and water trap, against same Aphids .infesting medicinal and Aromatic plants:
1. Effect of paper traps (yellow sticky) under field against Aphis gosspii on Rosell plant. . Yellow trap gave moderate Reduction Respectively were 65.02 % and 60.8 % during 2013 and 2014 .but the water trap gave Low west Reduction Respectively 54.96 % and 52.02 % during 2013 and 2014 .
2. Effect of paper trap and water trap against Myzus pecrsicae On marigold plant yellow trap gave reduction personage 69.6 % and 59.2 % during 2014 and 2015 while water trap gave reduction respectively 60.3 % and 57.8 % On chamomile plant
3- Yellow trap gave reduction respectively 68.6 % and 61.7 % during 2014 and 2015 but water trap gave reduction respectively 62.6 % and 59.5 % during 2014 and 2015 effected paper trap and water trap against
Brevicoryne brassicae on fennel plant
1. Yellow trap gave reduction respectively 58.2 % and 47.4 %.
2. Water trap gave reduction respectively 54.4 % 34.1 and % during 2014 and 2015.