الفهرس 
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Abstract
Patients with type-1 DM have increasing risk for vision loss throughout their work lives because the risk of developing DR increases with the duration of diabetes.In addition, the risk for vision loss can be reduced with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The present study was conducted to report the ability of OCTA, as new non-invasive imaging technique, to evaluate the morphological changes in patients with type-1 DM together with the quantitative changes as well; and correlate this result with electrophysiological results (including oscillatory potentials and S-cone) and also with Farnsworth munsell 100-hue color test.Correlating those changes together could help to identify certain biomarkers for early disease detection and monitoring.
This observational comparative non- randomized study included 98 eyes of 52 patients, classified into three groups: group A: 20 participants as diabetic child and control. group B: 20 participants as diabetic adult type-1 without retinopathy and control. group C: 18 eyes of 12 patients of early diabetic retinopathy.
In pediatric groups, diabetic eyes showed a statistically significant reduction of the VD of SCP at the whole image and para-fovea area (P = 0.003, P<0.001) respectively and decrease in central macular thickness (CMT) than controls (P< 0.001). In ERG, there were delayed latency in oscillatory potentials (OPs) (P = 0.006) and reduced amplitude of b-wave of S-cone response (P< 0.001).By color vision test, there was statistically significant difference in the total error score (TES) (P< 0.001).
In Adult groups, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area was enlarged in diabetic with early changes than the other groups (P = < 0.001). Both diabetic group showed decrease in CMT than controls (P = 0.133, P < 0.085). The deep capillary plexus (DCP) of whole image and para-foveal VD showed statistically significance difference in diabetic with retinopathy than others (P = 0.02, 0.39, 0.011, <0.001) respectively.
There were statistically significance difference in diabetic group with retinopathy in superficial capillary plexus (SCP) VD layer of whole image and para-fovea (P = 0.003, P< 0.001) respectively. In ERG, there were delayed latency in oscillatory potentials (P = 0.016, P< 0.001) and reduced amplitude of b-wave of S-cone response (P< 0.001, P< 0.001).there were statistically significance in total error score (TES) in both diabetic groups (P < 0.001, P < 0.001).
Conclusion:
• Eyes with type-1 DM have significant abnormal capillary non-perfusion and reduction in vessel density at the level of SCP and DCP plexuses.
• OPs are considered the most relevant electroretinographic test for early detection of diabetic retinopathy which the implicit time is delayed in diabetic patients even in a preclinical stage of retinopathy DM alters color-vision perception, especially in the blue-yellow axis. It can affect color-vision perception in early onset of the disease.
• Correlating those changes together could help to identify certain biomarkers for early disease detection and monitoring.
• Long-term follow up and bigger sample sizes are required for more substantial documentation.