الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 219 |  |  |
| | | from | 219 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY
One of the most important environmental pollutants is pesticide residues on food and feed commodities. Detailed and accurate information on food contamination with pesticide residues are essential to decision-makers to enable them to take corrective actions to minimize health hazards, adverse impact of pesticide use and overcome the exportation problems.
The present study consists of three parts: -
1- Questionnaire investigation of the prevailing practices in the application of pesticides on date palm of Kuwait.
2- Study the behavior of thiamethoxam; thiophanate methyl and Bifenzate in and on two dates palm varieties under local field conditions in Kuwait state to determine the dissipation rate, half-life values (RL50) and pre-harvest interval (PHI) for the thiamethoxam, thiophanate methyl and Bifenzate.
3- Monitoring of pesticide residues in date palm collected from different Governorates in Kuwait during 2018 and comparing the obtained results with the International of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) values.
1. Questionnaire investigation of the prevailing practices in the application of pesticides on date palm of Kuwait.
A questionnaire was prepared for evaluation of prevailing practices in the application of pesticides on 60 date palm farms, in Kuwait’s three major agricultural regions i.e. Al Wafra, Al Ahmadi and Abdali areas in Kuwait. The questionnaire was prepared in Arabic, and included different aspects related to identification of the recipient (6 questions). Identification of the farm or orchard (15 questions). Farm or orchard site for sensitive pesticide use targets (2 questions) - Pest problems and practices (25 questions) - Pesticides commonly used and traded (6 questions) - Pesticide information (7 questions) - Application of the pesticide (6 questions) - identification of the user or the applier of pesticides (7 questions) - Safety and security procedures (8 questions) - Procedures for dealing with post-harvest (7 questions) in ten parts.
2. An analytical study of RPW control measures and proposed suitable program for management of the pest under local conditions of Kuwait.
3. Pesticide Residues on and in Dates
The rate of persistence of three pesticides namely (Tiomex 25% WG (thiamethoxam), Topsin m 70 %WP (thiophanate methyl) and Floramite 24% SC (bifenzate), at the rate of 7 g, 100 g and 60 ml active ingredient per 100 L water, respectively. on and in two varieties (i.e. Khalas and Burhi) of dates fruits and the rate of contamination of the produced dates in five farms (i.e. Casa Farm, Faisal Al Damak Farm, Al Shuhada Farm, Al Safran Farm and Al Waha Farm), in three regions (i.e. Al Wafra area, Al Ahmadi area and Al Abdali area) under the normal field conditions in Kuwait.
4. Monitoring of some pesticide residues in Dates collected from Kuwait markets.
A total of 23 different stage of dates samples were collected at random from three local markets of three Governorates i.e. Al Wafra region, Al Ahmadi region and Al Abdali region (8,8 and 7 samples from markets), respectively, during summer 2018. All samples were analyzed for the presence of 105 pesticides using the quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue extraction, followed by (GC) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
The most important obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1. Analysis of the pesticides used in Kuwait obtained from the questionnaires:
I. Identification of the recipient of different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. All farmers were not owner or married.
2. The farmer ages. About 60 % of farmers are between 40-60 old year, followed by 30-40 old age 32% and 8% over 60-year age.
3. About 78% of the farmers are well reading and writing. Considering the level of education, 45% are obtained intermediate level of education, followed by no education (28%) higher level of education (21%) and primary education (2%), respectively.
II. Identification of the farm or orchard of different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. The cultivated regions in the studied regions were 617.2 feddan divided as follows in Abdali region, Al-Ahmadi region and Al-Wafra region, (215 feddan, 200.2 feddan and 200 feddan), respectively.
2. The Abdali area recorded the highest proportion of the total area cultivated palm trees, where recorded 145 feddan and then followed by 124 feddan in the Al-Ahmadi region and 71.79 feddan in the Al-Wafra region.
3. About 65% of the farmers are use organic farming system. While 35% of the farmers are, use the traditional farming system. About 48% of farm area above 100 Fadden. Also 44 % of study farms have date palm cultivation.
4. About 60% of farms used spare system of palm cultivations. 52% of the target of productive was Rotab, followed by Khalal (33.3%) the target of productive and Tamar (14.7%), respectively.
5. About 36.3% of farms use spray system to irrigation the palms, followed by immersion system 31% and 30.4% for dripping system. The percentage of the method and quantity of fertilization used compost and fertilizer were (31.5 and 68.5%), respectively.
III. Farm or orchard site for sensitive pesticide use targets in different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. The existence of beehives not exceeded than 5%.
2. The target of used pesticides near surface water reached about 33.335 %compared with 30% of ground water.
3. Percentage the proximity to o objective adjacent to the goal, inside the wind belt for the target and Far from goal were 45%, 28.33% and 26.33%, respectively.
V. Pest problems and practices of in different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. All farms in different regions were suffer from injury of the pests, such as insect pest, animal lesion, grass and pathogens. Insect pest was the higher percentage of pests recorded 55%, flowered by grass (50%), pathogens and animal lesion pest were (43.33 % and 25%), respectively.
2. About 65 % palm tree infested with red palm weevil. The percentage of varieties of palm trees in the farm showing more severe incidence of RPW than others (66.66 %) do. while the others varieties (33.33%), respectively.
3. The top total vegetative of the palm recoded (60%), which the higher percentage of the part of the Palm, flowered by and base of the trunk the part near the soil surface reaching (40%).
4. About 38.66 % of farms use traps to detect or reduce the incidence of the red palm weevil.
5. About 26.66 % of farms in different regions using pesticides to protect dates from pests was While 73.33 % farms do not use pesticides to protect fruits.
6. About 88.44% of farms in different regions used pesticides to control pests on palm-loaded crops during the fruiting season.
VI. Pesticides used in different farms in Kuwait during 2018.
1. 73 pesticide active ingredients were found to be in use in different farms in Kuwait during the questionnaire period.
2. About 47.31% (36 out of 73) of the pesticides used belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO) toxicity class II (moderately hazardous), with a few (9.58%) under toxicity class Ib (highly hazardous). WHO toxicity class III (slightly hazardous) with a few (13.6%). WHO toxicity class U (Unlikely to pose an acute hazard in normal use) receded (17.80%). WHO toxicity class NC (Not classified) (8.21%).
3. Insecticides used by 41.09% of the farmers, followed by fungicides (17.39%), nematicides (13.69%), herbicides (6.84%) and acaricides (4.1%).
4. Pesticide active ingredients had two uses such as acaricides + Insecticides and acaricides + fungicides were 2.73% and 4.10%, respectively.
5. About 20.54% (15 out of 73) of the pesticides used belonged to organophosphate group. Followed by Pyrethroid group were receding 13.69%. Carbamate group reached 9.58%. While Neonicotinoid group was 4.10%. On the other hand, different groups recorded the least i.e. 4.10%
6. About 14 active ingredients were registered in the state of Kuwait, with the percentage value 19.17%, while the percentage of Forbidden and Restricted use pesticides were 16.43%. Also, the percentage of not registered pesticides was 46.57 %.
VII. Pesticides commonly used and traded in Kuwait during 2018
1. Source of the pesticide from farms in different regions through general authority for agriculture, pesticide seller and another source (26.66%, 55% and 18.33%), respectively.
2. The priorities of pesticide selection in farms in different regions were through dealer tip, recommendations of the General Authority for Agriculture, price, available in the market (easy to obtain) and other (78.33, 5, 30, 16.66 and 13.33%), respectively.
3. About 73.33% of farms were purchased pesticides immediately before use.
4. All farms in different regions they use every pesticide quantity.
IX. Pesticide use information in farms in Kuwait during 2018
1. About 8.33% of farmers’ reading the label of pesticides in farms in different regions. While farmers do not read the label of pesticides reached (91.66%).
2. Source of farmers information about downloading and using the pesticide were (Agricultural Advisor -Pesticide personal experience -Others’ experience -The media) (51.66%, 5 %, 55.66% and 83.33%), respectively.
3. About 60 % of farmer use a certain standard to adjust the recommended amount for processing the pesticide for use. While farmers use the processing is approximated by consideration (68.33%). In all farm’s farmers used standard to adjust the recommended amount for processing the pesticide for use.
4. Source of water mixing or dilution of pesticides (sinks, wells, pools, fresh water, water treatment and crusader water) in all of farms were (15, 1.6, 71.66, 8.33, 18.33 and 46.66 %), respectively.
5. The percentages of use of personal protection tools when loading the pesticide were (glove, mask, muzzle glasses and do not use any tool) in a total of farms were (60, 20, 18.33 and 26.66 %), respectively.
6. The percentage of farmers try to open the lid of the pesticide, using sharp tool, by hand and mouth and teeth in farms in different regions were (90%,10% and 0 %.) , respectively.
X. Application of the pesticide in farms in different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. The percentages of farmers’ method of application in farms in spray, injection, steaming, fogging, treatment roots and other methods (36.66%, 51.66% 88.33%, 8.33, 28.33 and 80%), respectively. While all farms do not use immersion application.
2. About 81.66 % of sprayer case was medium, followed by an old sprayer 16.66%, also 1.66 % of good sprayer.
3. About 18.33%. of farmers valid spray machine before it is used. while 81.66% not valid spray machine before it is used
4. The time of the pesticide application in farms, start at early in the morning, after afternoon until sunset and any time during the day (20 %, 10% and 70%), respectively.
XI. Identification of the user or the applier of pesticides in different regions in Kuwait during 2018.
1. In general, a spray agent and Agricultural worker were recorded the highest percentage 31.33% and 30%, flowed by General Authority for Agriculture and specialized companies were 20 % and 18.66%, respectively.
2. All applicators above of 15 years old, the highest range of age was 20-30 years reached 78.33%, followed by range over 30 years old was 15% and 6% of sprinkler range 15-20 years.
3. About 6.66% of applicators have experience 5-10 years, followed by 23.33% of applicators have experience 1-5 years and 6.66% were have no experience.
4. About 95 % of applicators in all regions do not have any type training experience, while 5% of applicators have any type training experience. All applicators have not any license or license to practice spraying pesticides in farms.
5. About 21.66% of applicators not use protective clothing or tools when spraying. All applicators have not any headdress and eye glasses in all farms, the percentage of applicators use glove, mask / muzzle and afarole boot (rubber boots long neck) were (.33%, 50% and 20%), respectively.
XII. Safety and security procedures in 60 farms in different regions in Kuwait.
1. Applicators were wash hands, face and bathing. Applicators were rinse hands and legs, wash hands and faces, bathing in addition, the percentages of applicators, which do not care about that in different regions, (23.33%,55% ,26.66% and 3.33%), respectively.
2. About 5% of applicators used specialized clothes for work in farms in while (95%) of applicators work in regular clothes for work in farms.
3. No applicators in all farms were washing in the nearest bank or in household clothes and wash with household clothes.
4. About 61.66 % of applicators leave their clothes as they are until use again, (16.66%) of applicators were wash their clothes with tap water. In addition, (21.66%) of applicators were dried their clothes without washing in farms.
5. Applicators not discharged the rid of excess spray into the waterways in different regions.
6. About 55% of farms followed by applicators collect them and deliver them to a private entity for disposal (28.33%). The remains are retained for later use of rid of pesticide was receded (11.66%). All farmers in different regions were buried it in the soil and reached to 5%.
XIII. Procedures for dealing with post-harvest in 60 farms in different regions in Kuwait.
1. About 80% Farmers not using any pesticides on fruits after harvest during the trading or storage phase.
2. About 66.66 % of farms do not remained crop/ fruits in the farm periods before distribution.
3. About 81.66% of farms do not sort of sorting, packing at the farm and 18.33%, farms were sorting, packing or packing is done at the farm.
2. An analytical study of RPW control measures and proposed suitable program for management of the pest under local conditions of Kuwait.
2.1. Prevalent practices to control RPW in Kuwait.
1. About 60-70% of respondents at three tested regions stated that, they suffer from PRW.
2. The respondent’s persons from Al Abdali and Al Ahmadi regions (40-60%) mentioned that, it is possible to detect the infestation by traps, whereas all respondents of Al Wafra region (100%) answered that they could not use this method.
3. Most of the respondents indicated that they follow some practices to prevent RPW infestation.
4. Regarding the followed control methods at the three tested regions, the respondents stated that they used cultural methods (10-15%), mechanical methods (10-15%), chemical methods (45-50%), and trapping (10-20%).
5. Only 20% of respondents mentioned that, they have knowledge and some information about IPM, whereas the majority (80%) answered they had no idea about IPM system.
2.2. Proposed suitable program for management of the pest under local conditions of Kuwait.
The suggested program includes the following components: early detection and monitoring pest population, cultural practices, biological control tactics, semio chemical control (pheromones), and chemical control by using pesticides, eradication and quarantine to prevent movement of Infestation
3. Persistence of thiamethoxam, thiophanate methyl and bifenzate on and in two dates palm varieties under field conditions in Kuwait State, during 2016 season.
1. Undetectable thiamethoxam, thiophanate methyl and bifenzate residues were recorded on and in Khalas and Burhi varieties of dates (Rotab and Tamar), taken 48 and 60 days after treatment (at harvest).
2. All samples collected from Abdali area were recorded the highest level of the initial deposits of thiamethoxam, thiophanate methyl and bifenzate deposited in two varieties Khalas and Burhi varieties of dates i.e. (5.01 and 4.64 mg/kg), (5.1 and 4.48 mg/kg) and ( 1.3 and 0.91 mg/kg) , respectively. Flowed by Ahmadi area i.e.( 4.81 and 4.53 mg/kg) , (3.79 and 3.54 mg/kg) and ( 1.15 and 0.87 mg/kg) , respectively , while dates palm of Al Wafra area retained the lowest level of these deposits i.e.( 4.44 and 4.25 mg/kg) , (2.72 and 2.47 mg/kg) and ( 1.1 and 0.84 mg/kg) , respectively.
3. The highest value of harvest interval (PHI) was recorded for thiamethoxam residues in two varieties Khalas and Burhi varieties of dates i.e. (28 days), while the lowest value of PHI were recorded with thiophanate methyl residue in two varieties Khalas and Burhi varieties of dates i.e.( 18 days)
4- Monitoring of pesticide residues in dates collected from local markets in Kuwait during summer 2018.
1- About 23 date’s fruits, samples were collected and analyzed. Eight samples were contaminated with five pesticide, namely pesticides bifenazate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dinotefuran and myclobutanil, all detected values are less than MRL value.
2- All collected dates fruits samples were free from any detectable residues of 100 pesticides. The most frequently found pesticides were bifenazate, dinotefuran and myclobutanil (in 2 samples) while the lowest frequently found pesticides were chlorpyrifos and diazinon (in one sample).
3- Seven samples of Burhi verity were contaminated with five pesticides, while one sample of Khalas verity contaminated with myclobutanil residues.
4- Khalal and Rotab dates found in high frequency 3, while Kimri dates found with the least frequency.
5- All Tamar samples were free were free from any detectable amounts of 105 pesticides residues.