الفهرس 
RIVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
The area selected is extended from the South Giza to North El-Riah El-Naseri. El-Moheet drain (El-Mariouteya canal) passes through several villages on both sides and it receives sewage, household wastes, industrial activities and agricultural drainage water from the area. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the water, soils and plants of the area that extends from the Haram Street El-Moheet drain (El-Mariouteya canal) until the end of El-Rahawi drain, which ends up pouring water into the Nile river (Rosstta branch).
Samples of water, surface and sub-surface soils and plants are collected. Seventeen surface water samples, seven surface and sub-surface soil and twelve different plants. The samples are collected twice during summer and winter seasons, respectively.
Determination of EC, pH, soluble cations, anions and elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) in water samples; EC in soil extraction; pH values in suspensions soil (1 - 2.5); determination of cations and anions; total and available elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) in soil samples; as well as calculated contamination factor (CF), modified contamination degree (mCd) and pollution load index (PLI) and enrichment factor (EF) for elements in soil affected by irrigation water.
Collected a diversity of cereal crops and vegetables grown in the studied area; arugula (Eruca sativa), Okra fruits (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moenth), Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Eggplant fruits (Solanum Melongena), Maize (Zea mays), Molokhia (Corchorus olitorius) are taken in summer. As well as Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Wheat (Triticum aestivum), mallow (Malva parviflora), Onion (Allium cepa) and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) are taken in winter season. Different plants are collected from different sites for determination of micro-nutrients and heavy metals and calculated the Bio concentration factor (BCF).
The obtained results showed that:-
1. Assessment of irrigation water during summer and winter seasons.
The average value of pH is ranged from 6.10 to 8.49 and 8.00 to 8.86 in summer and winter seasons, respectively. EC for irrigation water in summer season varied from 1.98 to 9.24 dSm-1 and in winter were 0.37 to 3.80 dSm-1 .SAR are ranged from (1.02 to 7.07) and (0.42 to 4.49) in summer and winter, respectively. The samples were free from RSC in two seasons.
The values of EC in summer exceeded the degree of restriction on use (severe restriction). On the other hand, in winter indicating a slight to moderate degree of restriction on the use of this water for irrigation according to the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Therefore, it is necessary to control the salinity when using low water quality for irrigation.
2. Micro-nutrients and heavy metals in low water quality used for irrigation.
Results indicated that the mean concentrations mg L-1 of elements in water were highest relatively for the Fe followed by Zn, Mn, B, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd.
Mean heavy metal concentrations displayed the following decreasing order: Zn > Mn > Fe > B > Pb > Ni > Co ≈ Cr.
Regarding the concentration of Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were very low compared with standard limits for irrigation FAO. The average micro-nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in summer season were higher than the average values in winter season. However, none of the heavy metals exceeded the recommended maximum concentrations of trace elements in irrigated water.
3. Soils pH and salinity for irrigated soils during summer and winter seasons.
The pH values for sites tend to be normal, slightly alkaline and moderately alkaline in all sites. Generally soil pH were normal in some sites of surface soil in summer season; slightly alkaline in some sites for surface soil and sub- surface soils in summer season; Soil pH ranging (>7.2 to <8.0) slightly to alkaline.
The increase in salinity in soil resulted in using agricultural drainage water, domestic wastewater and human activities along El-Moheet drain (El-Mariouteya canal) such as slaughterhouse.
4. Available concentration of micro-nutrient and heavy metals in irrigated soils.
Available iron, manganese and copper in summer and winter seasons were very high concentration and toxic, more highly limits allowed, but Boron, Cadmium, Cobalt, chrome, Nickel and Lead were toxic and within the limits allowed. The studied elements were toxic to the total form of cadmium element only in all sites at two seasons and total iron, sites two season at summer season, but the other elements were toxic and within the limits. The sequence of heavy metals according to their total concentrations in surface and subsurface soil was Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd > B.
5. Concentration of micro-nutrients and heavy metals in different plants.
The lowest concentration were (99.0 for Fe 1.90 for B, 0.20 for Co, 41.1 for Cr and 16.50 for Ni mg kg-1) found in wheat yield, also the lowest concentration for Cabbage were 26.60 mg kg-1; 12.9 mg kg-1 and 3.7 mg kg-1 for Mn, Zn and Cu respectively. As well as the highest values were (866.0 and 354.0 mg kg-1) for Fe and Cr are found in Onion; (71.6; 54.4 and 15.4 mg kg-1) for Mn, Zn and Cu are found in Spinach; B was 18.3 mg kg-1 was found in Parsley. The Pb concentration in summer season in Okra fruits; Elephant forage in site 3 and Molokhia in site 15 were (3.00, 0.20, and 0.60 mg kg-1) , respectively; whereas Pb was not found in all growing plants at winter season. The concentrations of Cd not found in any plants in summer and winter seasons. Generally, the sequence of heavy metals in the studied items were as follows Fe > Cr > Ni > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Co.
6. Bio concentration factor (BCF).
The BCR of different plants tissues grown in soil irrigated from El-Moheet drain (El-Mariouteya canal) at different sites during summer and winter seasons is calculated. Generally all plants were hyper-accumulator for (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Co, Cr and Ni) at summer and winter seasons except Eggplant fruits with Co and Wheat plant with Cu were influences.
7. Contamination Factors; Contamination Degree, Modified Contamination Degree and Pollution Load Index for soils irrigated by low water quality irrigation.
In summer season, the contamination factor (CF) values indicated that soils were low (CF) with Zn, B and Pb for all sites; moderately (CF) with Cu and Co in all sites, low to moderate (CF) with Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni. As well as in winter season was low (CF) in all sites except two sites. Mn was a moderate contamination factor in all sites except one site was low in summer season; but in winter season was low (CF) in three sites only. Cr was low (CF) in some sites in summer and winter seasons respectively. Ni was low to moderate (CF) in some sites; in summer season; while in winter season was low (CF) for all sites; very high (CF) with Cd. (CF) for the different elements; generally followed the sequence Cd > Cu >Fe > Ni > Co > Mn > Cr > Pb > Zn > B.
The degree of contamination (Cd), soils at summer season fall under considerable (Cd) in some sites and very high, indicating serious anthropogenic pollution in three sites; also (Cd), soils in winter season was fall under considerable (Cd) in all sites except two sites were very high (Cd), indicating serious anthropogenic pollution.
The mCd suggested that the studied soil showed moderate degree of contamination (mCd) in some sites and high degree in two sites at summer season; while in winter season, the values of (mCd) varied from 2.166 to 4.880. These values indicating moderate degree of contamination (mCd) in all studied sites except one site was high degree of contamination.
Pollution severity and its variation along the sites were determined with the use of pollution load index. In summer season, the values of pollution load index are found to be generally high (>1) in all sites except site one was moderate (0.948). Consequently, the pollution load index suggested deterioration of quality in all sites except site No.15 showed base line pollution level of pollution level. The values of PLI in winter season are found to be low (<1) in some sites, these values indicating perfection; whereas, other sites PLI equal to 1. The value of one indicating base line level of pollutants present.
8. Correlation matrix between some chemical properties; soluble elements in water; chemical properties; available micro-nutrients; micro nutrients and heavy metals contents in soils with some micro-nutrients; and heavy metals content in sediments or different plants.
Generally, most of the correlation between some chemical properties; soluble micro and heavy metals in low quality irrigation water and available, micro-nutrients and heavy metals in sediments, soil and plants were positive and significant coefficient except EC dS m-1 and SAR with available Cu in sediments at summer season, EC dS m-1 with available Zn and Co; also in Co with available Mn. Also dS m-1 and SAR with soluble Mn at summer; soluble Cr with soluble Pb in polluted irrigation water; soil pH with soluble Ni and EC in soil with soluble B at winter season. EC dS m-1 and SAR with soluble Mn; soluble Co in polluted irrigation water with Zn content in plant in summer season.